Substituted indole-O-glucosides

ABSTRACT

Substituted indole-O-glucosides, compositions containing them, and methods of using them, for example for the treatment of diabetes and Syndrome X are disclosed.

CROSS REFERENCETO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of provisional applications Ser. No. 60/579,758, filed 15 Jun. 2004; Ser. No. 60/519,155, filed 12 Nov. 2003; Ser. No. 60/491,523, filed 1 Aug. 2003; and Ser. No. 60/491,534, filed 1 Aug. 2003, each of which is incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to substituted indole-O-glucosides, compositions containing them, and methods of using them, for example, for the treatment or prophylaxis of diabetes and Syndrome X.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Diabetes is a chronic disorder affecting carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism in animals.

Type I diabetes mellitus, which comprises approximately 10% of all diabetes cases, was previously referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (“IDDM”) or juvenile-onset diabetes. This disease is characterized by a progressive loss of insulin secretory function by beta cells of the pancreas. This characteristic is also shared by non-idiopathic, or “secondary”, diabetes having its origins in pancreatic disease. Type I diabetes mellitus is associated with the following clinical signs or symptoms: persistently elevated plasma glucose concentration or hyperglycemia; polyuria; polydipsia and/or hyperphagia; chronic microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy; and macrovascular complications such as hyperlipidemia and hypertension which can lead to blindness, end-stage renal disease, limb amputation and myocardial infarction.

Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or NIDDM) is a metabolic disorder involving the dysregulation of glucose metabolism and impaired insulin sensitivity. Type II diabetes mellitus usually develops in adulthood and is associated with the body's inability to utilize or make sufficient insulin. In addition to the insulin resistance observed in the target tissues, patients suffering from type II diabetes mellitus have a relative insulin deficiency—that is, patients have lower than predicted insulin levels for a given plasma glucose concentration. Type II diabetes mellitus is characterized by the following clinical signs or symptoms: persistently elevated plasma glucose concentration or hyperglycemia; polyuria; polydipsia and/or hyperphagia; chronic microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy; and macrovascular complications such as hyperlipidemia and hypertension which can lead to blindness, end-stage renal disease, limb amputation and myocardial infarction.

Syndrome X, also termed Insulin Resistance Syndrome (IRS), Metabolic Syndrome, or Metabolic Syndrome X, is recognized in some 2% of diagnostic coronary catheterizations. Often disabling, it presents symptoms or risk factors for the development of Type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, including impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia (e.g., high triglycerides, low HDL), hypertension and obesity.

Therapy for IDDM patients has consistently focused on administration of exogenous insulin, which may be derived from various sources (e.g., human, bovine, porcine insulin). The use of heterologous species material gives rise to formation of anti-insulin antibodies which have activity-limiting effects and result in progressive requirements for larger doses in order to achieve desired hypoglycemic effects.

Typical treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus focuses on maintaining the blood glucose level as near to normal as possible with lifestyle modification relating to diet and exercise, and when necessary, the treatment with anti-diabetic agents, insulin or a combination thereof. NIDDM that cannot be controlled by dietary management is treated with oral antidiabetic agents.

Although insulin resistance is not always treated in all Syndrome X patients, those who exhibit a prediabetic state (e.g., IGT, IFG), where fasting glucose levels may be higher than normal but not at the diabetes diagnostic criterion, is treated in some countries (e.g., Germany) with mefformin to prevent diabetes. The anti-diabetic agents may be combined with pharmacological agents for the treatment of the concomitant co-morbidities (e.g., antihypertensives for hypertension, hypolipidemic agents for lipidemia).

First-line therapies typically include mefformin and sulfonylureas as well as thiazolidinediones. Metformin monotherapy is a first line choice, particularly for treating type II diabetic patients who are also obese and/or dyslipidemic. Lack of an appropriate response to metformin is often followed by treatment with metformin in combination with sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, or insulin. Sulfonylurea monotherapy (including all generations of drugs) is also a common first line treatment option. Another first line therapy choice may be thiazolidinediones. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors are also used as first and second line therapies. Patients who do not respond appropriately to oral anti-diabetic monotherapy, are given combinations of the above-mentioned agents. When glycemic control cannot be maintained with oral antidiabetics alone, insulin therapy is used either as a monotherapy, or in combination with oral antidiabetic agents.

One recent development in treating hyperglycemia is focused on excretion of excessive glucose directly into urine. Specific inhibitors of SGLTs have been shown to increase the excretion of glucose in urine and lower blood glucose levels in rodent models of IDDM and NIDDM.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention is directed to methods and compositions for the treatment or prophylaxis of diabetes, Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications. More specifically, this invention is directed to a novel method of treating diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications thereof, in a subject afflicted with such a condition, said method comprising administering one or more glucose reabsorption inhibitors and administering one or more antidiabetic agent(s) for the treatment of diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications thereof.

Another aspect of the invention features compounds of Formula (I):

wherein

-   R₁, is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or R₄R₅N—(CO)—; each of R₄ and R₅ is     independently C₁₋₅ alkyl; -   R₂ is H, F, Cl or C₁₋₄ alkyl; -   R₃ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl, provided that when R₃ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, then R₂     is H; -   Q is —C═O—, or —(CH₂)_(n)—where n=0, 1, or 2; -   P═H, C₁₋₇ acyl, or (C₁₋₆ alkoxy)carbonyl;

Z is substituted or unsubstituted, and is selected from C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl having 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, a biaryl, and a 9- or 10-membered fused bicyclyl or fused heterobicyclyl, wherein said fused heterobicyclyl has between 1 and 4 heteroatoms (and preferably between 1 and 2 heteroatoms) independently selected from N, O, and S; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof.

One aspect of the invention features a pharmaceutical composition comprising a glucose reabsorption inhibitor (alone or in combination with one or more additional antidiabetic agents), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention also provides a process for formulating a pharmaceutical composition, comprising formulating together a glucose reabsorption inhibitor, (optionally with at least one antidiabetic agent), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

An embodiment of the invention is a method for treating diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications thereof in a subject, said method comprising administering to said subject a jointly effective amount of a glucose reabsorption inhibitor and administering to said subject a jointly effective amount of an antidiabetic agent, said combined administration providing the desired therapeutic effect.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method for inhibiting the onset of diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications thereof in a subject, said method comprising administering to said subject a jointly effective dose of a glucose reabsorption inhibitor and administering to said subject a jointly effective amount of an one or more antidiabetic agent(s), said combined administration providing the desired prophylactic effect.

In the disclosed methods, the diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications thereof, is selected from IDDM, NIDDM, IGT, IFG, obesity, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, atherosclerosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypertension, ischemia, stroke, heart disease, irritable bowel disorder, inflammation, and cataracts.

Also included in the invention is the use of one or more glucose reabsorption inhibitors in combination with one or more antidiabetic agents for the preparation of a medicament for treating a condition selected from IDDM, NIDDM, IGT, IFG, obesity, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, atherosclerosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypertension, ischemia, stroke, heart disease, irritable bowel disorder, inflammation, and cataracts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

All diabetics, regardless of their genetic and environmental backgrounds, have in common an apparent lack of insulin or inadequate insulin function. Because transfer of glucose from the blood into muscle and fatty tissue is insulin dependent, diabetics lack the ability to utilize glucose adequately, which leads to undesired accumulation of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia). Chronic hyperglycemia leads to decrease in insulin secretion and contributes to increased insulin resistance, and as a result, the blood glucose concentration is increased so that diabetes is self-exacerbated (Diabetologia, 1985, “Hyperglycaemia as an inducer as well as a consequence of impaired isle cell function and insulin resistance: implications for the management of diabetes”, Vol. 28, p. 119); Diabetes Cares, 1990, Vol. 13, No. 6, “Glucose Toxicity”, pp. 610-630). Therefore, by treating hyperglycemia, the aforementioned self-exacerbating cycle is interrupted so that the prophylaxis or treatment of diabetes is made possible.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,632 to R. Rieveley discloses a method and composition stated to be for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (Type I, Impaired Glucose Tolerance [“IGT”] and Type II), which incorporates a therapeutic amount of one or more insulin sensitizers along with one or more of an orally ingested insulin, an injected insulin, a sulfonylurea, a biguanide or an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

According to one aspect, the invention features the combination of a PPAR modulator, preferably a PPAR δ agonist, and an SGLT inhibitor, preferably an SGLT 2 inhibitor or a selective SGLT 2 inhibitor.

A. Terms

Some terms are defined below and by their usage throughout this disclosure.

Unless otherwise noted, “alkyl” and “alkoxy” as used herein, whether used alone or as part of a substituent group, include straight, cyclic, and branched-chain alkyl having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or any number within this range. For example, alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, 2-butenyl, 2-butynyl, n-pentyl, 3-(2-methyl)butyl, 2-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 2-hexyl and 2-methylpentyl. Alkoxy radicals are oxygen ethers formed from the previously described straight or branched chain alkyl groups. The alkyl and alkoxy group may be independently substituted with one to five, preferably one to three groups selected from halogen (F, Cl, Br, I), oxo, OH, amino, carboxyl, and alkoxy. The alkyl and alkoxy group may also be independently linked to one or more PEG radicals (polyethylene glycol).

The term “acyl” as used herein, whether used alone or as part of a substituent group, means an organic radical having a carbonyl group linked to hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms (branched or straight chain or cyclic) derived from an organic acid by removal of the hydroxyl group. For example C₄ acyl can include (CO)CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ and (CO)(CH₂(CH) (CH₃)₂; similarly, C₆ acyl includes both (CO)(C₆H₁₃) and (CO)(C₆H₅). The term “Ac” as used herein, whether used alone or as part of a substituent group, means acetyl.

“Aryl” is a carbocyclic aromatic radical including, but not limited to, phenyl, 1- or 2-naphthyl and the like. The carbocyclic aromatic radical may be substituted by independent replacement of 1 to 3 of the hydrogen atoms thereon with halogen, OH, CN, mercapto, nitro, amino, cyano, optionally substituted C₁-C₈-alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkyl-amino, di(C₁-C₈-alkyl)amino, formyl, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkanoyloxy, phenyl, carbamoyl, carboxamide, di-lower alkylcarbamoyloxy, phenoxycarbonyloxy group, lower alkylenedioxy, benzoyloxy, alkyl-CO—O—, alkyl-O—CO—, —CONH₂, alkyl-O—CO—O—, or alkyl-CO—NH—. Illustrative aryl radicals include, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, indene

indane

fluorophenyl, difluorophenyl, benzyl, benzoyloxyphenyl, carboethoxyphenyl, acetylphenyl, ethoxyphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, hydroxyphenyl, carboxyphenyl, trifluoromethylphenyl, methoxyethylphenyl, acetamidophenyl, tolyl, xylyl, dimethylcarbamylphenyl and the like. “Ph” or “PH” denotes phenyl.

The term “heteroaryl” as used herein represents a stable five or six-membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring system which consists of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. The heteroaryl group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom, which results in the creation of a stable structure. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, indolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl or quinolinyl. Prefered heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, and quinolinyl. When the heteroaryl group is substituted, the heteroaryl group may have one to three substituents which are independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, mercapto, nitro, amino, cyano, optionally substituted C₁-C₈-alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkyl-amino, di(C₁-C₈-alkyl)amino, formyl, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkanoyloxy, phenyl, carbamoyl, carboxamide, di-lower alkylcarbamoyloxy, phenoxycarbonyloxy group, lower alkylenedioxy, benzoyloxy, alkyl-CO—O—, alkyl-O—CO—, —CONH₂, alkyl-O—CO—O—, or alkyl-CO—NH—.

The terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclic,” and “heterocyclyl” refer to an optionally substituted, fully or partially saturated, aromatic or nonaromatic, cyclic group which is, for example, a 4- to 7-membered monocyclic, 7- to 11-membered (or 9-10 membered) bicyclic (heterobicyclyl), or 10- to 15-membered tricyclic ring system, which has at least one heteroatom in at least one carbon atom containing ring. Each ring of the heterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, and sulfur atoms, where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may also optionally be oxidized. The nitrogen atoms may optionally be quaternized. The heterocyclic group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom.

Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinyl; oxetanyl; pyrazolinyl; imidazolinyl; imidazolidinyl; oxazolyl; oxazolidinyl; isoxazolinyl; thiazolidinyl; isothiazolidinyl; tetrahydrofuryl; piperidinyl; piperazinyl; 2-oxopiperazinyl; 2-oxopiperidinyl; 2-oxopyrrolidinyl; 4-piperidonyl; tetrahydropyranyl; tetrahydrothiopyranyl; tetrahydrothiopyranyl sulfone; morpholinyl; thiomorpholinyl; thiomorpholinyl sulfoxide; thiomorpholinyl sulfone; 1,3-dioxolane; dioxanyl; thietanyl; thiiranyl; and the like. Exemplary bicyclic heterocyclic groups (or heterobicyclyls) include quinuclidinyl; tetrahydroisoquinolinyl; dihydroisoindolyl; dihydroquinazolinyl (such as 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinazolinyl); dihydrobenzofuryl; dihydrobenzothienyl; dihydrobenzothiopyranyl; dihydrobenzothiopyranyl sulfone; dihydrobenzopyranyl; indolinyl; isochromanyl; benzimidazolyl; benzthiazolyl; isoindolinyl; piperonyl; tetrahydroquinolinyl; and the like. When the heteroaryl group is substituted, the heterocyclyl may be independently substituted with one to five, preferably one to three groups selected from halogen, OH, CN, mercapto, nitro, amino, cyano, optionally substituted C₁-C₈-alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkyl-amino, di(C₁-C₈-alkyl)amino, formyl, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkanoyloxy, phenyl, carbamoyl, carboxamide, di-lower alkylcarbamoyloxy, phenoxycarbonyloxy group, lower alkylenedioxy, benzoyloxy, alkyl-CO—O—, alkyl-O—CO—, —CONH₂, alkyl-O—CO—O—, or alkyl-CO—NH—.

The term “biaryl” includes a heteroaryl linked to a phenyl, a phenyl linked to a heteroaryl (such as furan, pyridine, or thiophene ), and a phenyl linked to a phenyl. Examples of phenyl-phenyl, heteroaryl-phenyl, heteroaryl-phenyl, and , phenyl-heteroaryl, respectively, include:

The term “composition” is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.

The term “combined administration” includes co-administration wherein: 1) the two or more agents are administered to a subject at substantially similar times; and 2) the two or more agents are administered to a subject at different times, at independent intervals which may or may not overlap or coincide.

The term “subject” as used herein, refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who is the object of treatment, observation or experiment.

The term “RXR modulator” as used herein, refers to Retinoid-X receptor agonists, partial agonists, or antagonists. Preferably the modulator increases insulin sensitivity. According to one aspect, the modulator is an RXR agonist.

Diabetes, Syndrome X, and associated symptoms or complications include such conditions as IDDM, NIDDM, IGT, IFG, obesity, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, atherosclerosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypertension, ischemia, stroke, heart disease, irritable bowel disorder, inflammation, and cataracts. Examples of a prediabetic state includes IGT and IFG.

Methods are known in the art for determining effective doses for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes for the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions or the disclosed drug combinations, whether or not formulated in the same composition. For therapeutic purposes, the term “jointly effective amount” as used herein, means that amount of each active compound or pharmaceutical agent, alone or in combination, that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated. For prophylactic purposes (i.e., inhibiting the onset or progression of a disorder), the term “jointly effective amount” refers to that amount of each active compound or pharmaceutical agent, alone or in combination, that inhibits in a subject the onset or progression of a disorder as being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, the delaying of which disorder is mediated by the modulation of glucose reabsorption activity or other antidiabetic activity (such as RXR activity) or both. Thus, the present invention provides combinations of two or more drugs wherein, for example, (a) each drug is administered in an independently therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount; (b) at least one drug in the combination is administered in an amount that is sub-therapeutic or sub-prophylactic if administered alone, but is therapeutic or prophylactic when administered in combination with the second or additional drugs according to the invention; or (c) both drugs are administered in an amount that is sub-therapeutic or sub-prophylactic if administered alone, but are therapeutic or prophylactic when administered together.

The term “protecting groups” refer to those moieties known in the art that are used to mask functional groups; protecting groups may be removed during subsequent synthetic transformations or by metabolic or other in vivo administration conditions. During any of the processes for preparation of the compounds of the present invention, it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973; and T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. The protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known in the art. Examples of hydroxyl and diol protecting groups are provided below.

Protection for the hydroxyl group includes methyl ethers, substituted methyl ethers, substituted ethyl ethers, substitute benzyl ethers, and silyl ethers.

Substituted Methyl Ethers

Examples of substituted methyl ethers include methyoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, t-butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl, (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl, t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl, siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl S,S-dioxido, 1-[(2-chloro-4-methyl)phenyl]-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl, 1,4-dioxan-2-yl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl and 2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-7,8,8-trimethyl-4,7-methanobenzofuran-2-yl.

Substituted Ethyl Ethers

Examples of substituted ethyl ethers include 1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, 2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl, t-butyl, allyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, benzyl, and polyethyleneglycol ethers.

Substituted Benzyl Ethers

Examples of substituted benzyl ethers include p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, p-phenylbenzyl, 2- and 4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl N-oxido, diphenylmethyl, p,p′-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, triphenylmethyl, α-naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, di(p-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4′-bromophenacyloxy)phenyldiphenylmethyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(4,5-dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 3-(/midazol-1-ylmethyl)bis(4′,4″-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl, 1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1′-pyrenylmethyl, 9-anthryl, 9-(9-phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9-phenyl-10-oxo)anthryl, 1,3-benzodithiolan-2-yl, and benzisothiazolyl S,S-dioxido.

Silyl Ethers

Examples of silyl ethers include trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylthexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, and t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl.

Esters

In addition to ethers, a hydroxyl group may be protected as an ester. Examples of esters include formate, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate, p-P-phenylacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, 4-oxopentanoate(levulinate), 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate, pivaloate, adamantoate, crotonate, 4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate(mesitoate), and polyethyleneglycol esters.

Carbonates

Examples of carbonates include methyl, 9-fluorenylmethyl, ethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl, 2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(triphenylphosphonio)ethyl, isobutyl, vinyl, allyl, p-nitrophenyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, S-benzyl thiocarbonate, 4-ethoxy-1-naphthyl, methyl dithiocarbonate, and polyethyleneglycol carbonates.

Assisted Cleavage

Examples of assisted cleavage include 2-iodobenzoate, 4-azidobutyrate, 4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate, o-(dibromomethyl)benzoate, 2-formylbenzenesulfonate, 2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl carbonate, 4-(methylthiomethoxy)butyrate, and 2-(methylthiomethoxymethyl)benzoate.

Miscellaneous Esters

Examples of miscellaneous esters include 2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxyacetate, 2,6-dichloro-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate, isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate(tigloate), o-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoate, p-P-benzoate, α-naphthoate, nitrate, alkyl N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, N-phenylcarbamate, borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, and 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate

Sulfonates

Examples of sulfonates include sulfate, methanesulfonate(meyslate), benzylsulfonate, and tosylate.

Protection for 1,2- and 1,3-Diols

Cyclic Acetals and Ketals

Examples of cyclic acetals and ketals include methylene, ethylidene, 1-t-butylethylidene, 1-phenylethylidene, (4-methoxyphenyl)ethylidene, 2,2,2-trichloroethylidene, acetonide (isopropylidene), cyclopentylidene, cyclohexylidene, cycloheptylidene, benzylidene, p-methoxybenzylidene, 2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene, 3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene, and 2-nitrobenzylidene.

Cyclic Ortho Esters

Examples of cyclic ortho esters include methoxymethylene, ethoxymethylene, dimethoxymethylene, 1-methoxyethylidene, 1-ethoxyethylidine, 1,2-dimethoxyethylidene, α-methoxybenzylidene, 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylidene derivative, α-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzylidene derivative, and 2-oxacyclopentylidene.

Silyl Derivatives

Examples of silyl derivatives include di-t-butylsilylene group, and 1,3-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxanylidene) derivative.

Glucose Reabsorption Inhibitors

One method of treating hyperglycemia is to excrete excessive glucose directly into urine so that the blood glucose concentration is normalized. For example, sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs), primarily found in chorionic membrane of the intestine and the kidney, are a family of proteins actively involved in the normal process of glucose absorption. Among them, SGLT1 is present in intestinal and renal epithelial cells (Lee et al., 1994), whereas SGLT2 is found in the epithelium of the kidney (You et al., 1995, MacKenzie et al., 1994). Glucose absorption in the intestine is primarily mediated by SGLT1, a high-affinity low-capacity transporter with a Na⁺:glucose transport ratio of 2:1. SGLT2, also known as SAAT1, transports Na⁺ and glucose at a ratio of 1:1 and functions as a low-affinity high-capacity transporter. These SGLTs are characterized in Table 1: TABLE 1 Preferred K_(m)* TmG** K_(m)* ISOFORM TISSUE Stoichiometry Substrate in vitro in vitro In vivo SGLT1 Sm. Intestine 2:1 D-glucose 0.1 nd Nd D-galactose Kidney (S1, S3) 2:1 D-glucose 0.39 7.9 0.3 D-galactose SGLT2 Kidney (S3) 1:1 D-glucose 1.64 83 6 (SAAT1) *(mM) for D-glucose **Maximal transport rate pmol/min/mm

Renal reabsorption of glucose is mediated by SGLT1 and SGLT2 (Silverman et al., 1992; Deetjen et al., 1995). Plasma glucose is filtered in the glomerulus and is transepithelially reabsorbed in the proximal tubules. SGLT1 and SGLT2 are located in the apical plasma membranes of the epithelium and derive their energy from the inward sodium gradient created by the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pumps located on the basolateral membrane. Once reabsorbed, the elevated cytosolic glucose is then transported to the interstitial space by facilitated glucose transports (GLUT1 and GLUT2). Therefore, inhibition of SGLTs reduces plasma glucose through suppression of glucose reabsorption in the kidney. A therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an SGLT inhibitor, such as that sufficient to increase urine glucose excretion, or to decrease plasma glucose, in a subject by a desired amount per day, can be readily determined using methods established in the art. Recently, it has been found that phlorizin, a natural glycoside present in barks and stems of Rosaceae (e.g., apple, pear, etc.), inhibits Na⁺-glucose co-transporters located in chorionic membrane of the intestine and the kidney. By inhibiting Na⁺-glucose co-transporter activity, phlorizin inhibits the renal tubular glucose reabsorption and promotes the excretion of glucose so that the glucose level in a plasma is controlled at a normal level for a long time via subcutaneous daily administration (Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1987, Vol. 79, p. 1510).

Other SGLT inhibitors include alkyl- and phenyl-glucosides, 1-5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine-HCl (indirectly via protein kinase C), p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), copper and cadmium ions, and trivalent lanthanides.

B. Compounds

The invention features compounds of Formula (I):

wherein

-   R₁ is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or R₄R₅N—(CO)—; each of R₄ and R₅ is     independently C₁₋₅ alkyl; -   R₂ is H, F, Cl or C₁₋₄ alkyl; -   R₃ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl, provided that where R₃ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, then R₂     is H; -   Q is —C═O—, or —(CH₂)_(n)— where n=0, 1, or 2; -   P═H, C₁₋₇ acyl, or (C₁₋₆ alkoxy)carbonyl; and -   Z is substituted or unsubstituted, and is selected from C₃₋₇     cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic having 1 or 2     heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, a 9- or     10-membered fused bicyclyl (such as naphthyl), or fused     heterobicyclyl, wherein the fused heterobicyclyl has between 1 and 4     heteroatoms (and preferably between 1 and 2 heteroatoms)     independently selected from N, O, and S.

Examples of compounds of Formula (I) include those wherein: (a) R₁ is H; (b) R₂ is H, methyl, or ethyl; (c) Q is —(CH₂)_(n)— and n is 1 or 2; (d) Z is unsubstituted or independently substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkoxy, phenoxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, cyano, amino, C₁₋₄ alkylthio, C₁₋₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₁₋₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₄ aminoalkyl, mono and di-(C₁₋₄ alkyl)amino, phenyl, C₁₋₄ alkylaminosulfonyl (SO₂NHR), amino-(C₁₋₄ alkylsulfonyl) (NHSO₂R), C₁₋₄ dialkylaminosulfinyl (SONHRR), C₁₋₄ alkylamido (NHCOR), C₁₋₄ alkylcarbamido (CONHR), 5-6 membered heterocyclyl containing between 1 and 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O; and wherein the substituent(s) on Z can be further independently substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl, halo, hydroxy, cyano, amino, mono or di-(C₁₋₄ alkyl)amino and C₁₋₄ alkylthio; (e) Z is 4-substituted phenyl, 3,4-disubstituted phenyl, benzhydryl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, biaryl, benzofuranyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, 4-substituted pyridyl, benzo[b]thienyl, chromanyl, benzothiophenyl, indanyl, or naphthyl; (f) Z is unsubstituted or substituted with between 1 and 2 substituents independently selected from methoxy, ethoxy, fluoro, chloro, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and isopropyl; (g) Z is biphenyl, 4-(3-pyridyl)phenyl, 4-(2-thienyl)phenyl, 2-(5-phenyl)thiophenyl, 4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl, (4-ethyl)phenyl, (4-propyl)phenyl, (4-methoxy)phenyl, dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl, or dihydrobenzofuran-6-yl; (h) R₁ is H; and R₂ is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl; (h) Q is —(CH₂)_(n)—; n is 1 or 2; and R₂ is H, methyl or ethyl; (i); P is H, C₁₋₃ acyl, or (C₁₋₃ alkoxy)carbonyl; (j)R₁ is H; R₂ is H, methyl, or ethyl; Q is —(CH₂)_(n)— and n is 1 or 2; and Z is 4-substituted phenyl, 3,4-disubstituted phenyl, benzhydryl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, biaryl, benzofuranyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, 4-substituted pyridyl, benzo[b]thienyl, chromanyl, benzothiophenyl, indanyl, ornaphthyl; (k) R₁ is H; R₂ is H, methyl, or ethyl; wherein Z is 4-substituted phenyl, 3,4-disubstituted phenyl, benzhydryl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, biaryl, benzofuranyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, 4-substituted pyridyl, benzo[b]thienyl, chromanyl, benzothiophenyl, indanyl, or naphthyl; and Z is unsubstituted or substituted with between 1 and 2 substituents independently selected from methoxy, ethoxy, fluoro, chloro, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and isopropyl; (I) and combinations of the above.

Preferred examples include: 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-{3-[2-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-methoxycarbonyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-ethoxycarbonyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-hexanoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Methyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-(3-Biphenyl-4-ylmethyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Methylsulfanyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-6-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Thiophen-3-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; and 2-[3-(4-Pyridin-3-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside.

Further examples of preferred compounds include: 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-6-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(2-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(2-Naphthalen-2-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-{3-[2-(4-Ethoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-{3-[2-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-6-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(3-Fluoro-4-methyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Propyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Isopropyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(2-Fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Methoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Phenoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Chloro-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-(3-Naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-β-D-glucopyranoside and 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside.

Additional examples of compounds of the invention include: 2-{3-[2-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[1-Diethylcarbamoyl-3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Methoxy-benzyl)-1-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1-isopropyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-Methyl-2-thienyl(-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside and 2-[3-(4-Ethylbenzoyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside and 2-[3-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside.

Additional examples include: 2-[3-(4-Cyclopropyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2-[3-(4-Pyrazol-1-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2-[6-Chloro-3-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-6-fluoro-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2-[3-(5-Ethyl-thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2-[3-(5-Propyl-thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside and 2-[3-(5-Phenyl-thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside.

The more preferred compounds include: 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(3-Fluoro-4-methyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Methylsulfanyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-6-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Methyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-methoxycarbonyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-ethoxycarbonyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Propyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-(3-(4-Thiophen-3-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Cyclopropyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Pyrazol-1-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2-[6-Chloro-3-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-6-fluoro-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(5-Ethyl-thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside and 2-[3-(5-Phenyl-thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside.

The most preferred compounds are 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy} β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-ethoxycarbonyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and 2-(3-(4-Thiophen-3-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-β-D-glucopyranoside.

C. Synthetic Methods.

The compounds of the invention can be made according to traditional organic synthesis methods as well as according to combinatorial or matrix synthesis methods. The following three schemes and chemical Examples 1-38 provide general guidance.

Compounds of this invention where R₃ is H and Z is aromatic ring can be prepared as outlined in Schemes 1 and 3. Compounds of formula 1 where R₂ is any group other than hydrogen defined in Claim 1 can be prepared from commercially available or readily prepared 4-substituted 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde [Acta Chem. Scand. 1999, 53, 258; WO 2003043621] as described by Fresneda et.al. [Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 2355-2363].

Compounds of formula 2 where P₁ is benzyl or methyl and P₂ is benzenesulfonyl can be prepared by iodination of commercially available 4-benzyloxyindole or 4-methoxyindole or compounds of formula 1 where R₂ is any group other than hydrogen defined in Claim 1 using chloroiodide in the presence of a base, such as pyridine, in dichloromethane followed by protection of the indole nitrogen with benzenesulfonyl group.

Compounds of formula 3 can be obtained by coupling compounds of formula 2 with selected aryl or heteroaryl boronic acids under known Suzuki coupling reaction conditions [Miyaura,N.; Suzuki, A.; Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2457-2483]. Compounds of formula 3 wherein Z is biaryl can be prepared by either coupling commercially available biarylboronic acids or through two consecutive coupling reactions. The first coupling reaction adds commercially available 4-chlorophenylboronic acid followed by the addition of a second aryl or heteroaryl boronic acid under Suzuki reaction conditions.

The indole nitrogen of compounds of formula 3 can be deprotected with a base, such as potassium hydroxide, in refluxing ethanol to provide compounds of formula 5. The sodium salt of 5 is treated with an alkyl halide to give the N-alkylated (R₁) product followed by palladium catalyzed hydrogenation at 10-30 psi of hydrogen pressure to provide compounds of formula 6.

A compound of formula 2 can also be treated with ethylmagnesium bromide at 0° C. in dry THF followed by addition of an aryl carboxaldehyde to give an indolecarbinaol. The crude indolecarbinol can be reduced with triethylsilane and stannic chloride in dichloromethane at −78° C. to provide compounds of formula 9, wherein n is 1.

The phenol protecting groups of compounds of formula 3 or 9 can be removed with boron tribromide at −78° C. in a chlorinated solvent when P₁ is methyl or under catalytic hydrogenation conditions at H₂ pressures ranging from 10-40 psi when P₁ is benzyl to obtain compounds of formula 4 or 10.

Compounds of this invention where n is 1 or 2 can be prepared as outlined in Schemes 2 and 3. Compounds of formula 1 wherein R₂ is hydrogen and R₃ is any group other than hydrogen defined in Claim 1 can be prepared from 3-amino-o-cresol or 2-methyl-3-phenylmethoxy aniline [Pitzele, et. al. EP 155635, 1985] as described by Dillard et, al. [J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 5119-5136].

Compounds of formula 7 wherein P₁ is benzyl can be prepared by formylation of compounds of the formula 1 with phosphorus oxychloride under known reaction conditions. The indole nitrogen of synthesized compounds of formula 7 or commercially available 4-benzyloxy-1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde can be protected by treatment with either di-tert-butyl dicarbonate or N,N-diethylcarbamyl chloride to give compounds of formula 8. These protected indoles may be treated with ylides under standard Wittig reaction conditions to provide an E/Z mixture of compounds. Reduction of the alkene provides compounds of formula 9, wherein n is 2.

A compound of formula 8 can also be treated with an aryl magnesium bromide in THF to give an indolecarbinol. The crude indolecarbinol can be reduced with triethylsilane and stannic chloride in dichloromethane at −78° C. to provide compounds of formula 9, wherein n is 1.

Alternatively compounds of formula 1 where R₂ and P₁ are methyl and R₃ is hydrogen or commercially available 4-methoxyindole can be treated with substituted benzoyl chlorides using standard Friedel-Craft acylation conditions followed by protection of the indole nitrogen with benzenesulfonyl chloride to provide compounds of formula 11. Further reduction with sodium borohydride in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid in a chlorinated solvent can provide compounds of formula 9. Compounds of formula 11 wherein Z is 4-bromophenyl can be further coupled with substituted aryl or heteroaryl boronic acids under standard Suzuki reaction conditions to provide the biaryl analogs.

The phenol protecting groups of compounds of formula 9 or 11 can be removed with boron tribromide at −78° C. in a chlorinated solvent when P₁ is methyl or under catalytic hydrogenation conditions at H₂ pressures ranging from 10-40 psi when P₁ is benzyl to obtain compounds of formula 10 or 14.

The indole nitrogen of compounds of formula 9 can be deprotected by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid in a chlorinated solvent at 0° C. to remove the BOC group or by treatment with an aqueous base such as sodium hydroxide to remove the N,N-diethylcarbamyl group to yield compounds of formula 12. Further alkylation of the indole nitrogen followed by deprotection of the phenol group as previously described provides compounds of formula 13.

Alternatively, a compound of formula 12 wherein n is 1 and R₃ is any group other than hydrogen can be obtained directly from a compound of formula 1 and an aromatic aldehyde in the presence of triethylsilane and trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane at 0° C. [Appleton, J. E., et. al., Tetrahedron Letter, 1993, 34, 1529].

Compounds of formula 17, wherein Q and Z are defined in Claim I and R₁ is hydrogen, can be obtained from compounds of formula 15 (which is formula 4 wherein Q is absent, or formula 10 wherein Q is (CH₂)_(n) and n is 1 or 2, or formula 14, wherein Q is C═O), prepared in Schemes 1 or 2, by glycosidation of the phenol group with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide in an appropriate solvent, such as acetone, acetonitrile or DMF, under basic conditions, such as potassium carbonate or lithium carbonate. Deprotection of the indole nitrogen and acetyl groups can be done in one step with a base such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in refluxing ethanol to provide compounds of formula 18, wherein P is H.

Compounds of formula 18, wherein Q and Z are defined in Claim I, P is H and R₁ is either H or any group other than hydrogen, can be obtained from compounds of formula 16 (which is formula 6 wherein Q is absent, or formula 13 wherein Q is (CH₂)_(n) and n is 1 or 2), prepared in Schemes 1 and 2, by glycosidation of the phenol group as described above followed by deprotection in an alcoholic solvent such as methanol using mild basic conditions, such as potassium carbonate or sodium methoxide, at room temperature.

Compounds of formula 18, wherein P is H, can be treated with one equivalent of alkyl chloroformate or alkyl acid chloride in collidine to selectively acylate the 6-OH group of the glucose to provide compounds of formula 18, wherein P is acyl or alkoxycarbonyl groups.

D. Additional Antidiabetic Agents

Antidiabetic agents that can be used, according to the invention, as a second or a third antidiabetic agent in a pharmaceutical composition, formulation, or combination method of treatment (regimen) include, but are not limited to those in Table 2. TABLE 2 Combination Therapies with SGLT Inhibitors Mechanism or Class Drug/Compound Biguanide (class) metformin Fortamet (metformin XT) metformin GR metformin XL NN-414 fenofibrate/metformin combo Insulin Secretagogue glimeparide (mech), Sulfonylureas (class) glyburide/glibenclamide combo glyburide/metformin combo glipizide glipizide/metformin combo gliclazide chlorpropamide tolbutamide tolazamide Insulin Secretagogue repaglinide (mech), Meglitinides (class) nateglinide mitiglinide Alpha-glucosidase acarbose inhibitors (mech) miglitol voglibose emiglitate Insulin and Insulin insulin lispro analogues (class) insulin glargine insulin detemir insulin glulisine insulin aspart human insulin (Humulin R) human insulin (Novolin R human insulin (Novolin BR) insulin, zinc suspension (Humulin L) insulin NHP (Humulin N) insulin, zinc suspension (Novolin L) insulin NHP (Novolin N) insulin, zinc suspension (Humulin U) human insulin, regular and NHP mix (Humulin 50/50) human insulin, regular and NHP mix (Humulin 70/30) human insulin, regular and NHP mix (Novolin 70/30) Inhaled insulin (class) Exubera AERx Insulin Diabetes Management System AIR inhaled insulin Oral insulin (class) Oralin PPARgamma (mech) rosiglitazone rosiglitazone/metformin combo pioglitazone isaglitazone (netoglitazone, MCC-555) rosiglitazone/sulfonylurea ragaglitazar balaglitazone (NN-2344) R-483 rivoglitazone (CS-011) FK-614 SCD-DKY tesaglitazar T131 CLX0921 LY-293111 (VML-295) MBX 102 AA10090 CDDO (TP-155C) DRF-2189 PHT-46 farglitazar GW-7845 L-764406 NC-2100 PN 2022 (PN 2034) PPARalpha/gamma dual MK767/MK0767 (KRP 297) agonists (mech) muraglitazar (BMS-298585) tesaglitazar LY-818 oxeglitazar (EML-4156) LY-929 BVT-142 DRF-2655 DRF-4832 DRF-4158 LY-465608 KT6-207 LSN-862 PPARalpha Agonist (mech) Fenofibrate Gemfibrozil Clofibrate Ciprofibrate Benzafibrate K-111 LY518674 (LY674) KRP-101 NS-220 GW-9578 GW-7647 GW-9820 LF-200337 ST-1929 Wy-14643 PPARdelta Agonist (mech) GW501516 GW-1514 L-165041 GW 8547 PPARalpha/delta Dual GW-2433 Agonist (mech) PPARgamma/delta Dual none in the last PPAR CEA Agonist (mech) PPARalpha/gamma/delta CLX-0940 Modulator (mech) RXR Agonist (mech) Insulin Seretagogue Exanatide injectable (mech), GLP-1 analogue (class) Exanatide LAR injectable Exanantide oral Liraglutide GLP-1 agonist (mech) exenatide (AC2993) liraglutide (NN2211) LY-307161 CJC-113 ZP10 GLP-1 BIM-51077 DPPIV Inhibitor (mech) LAF-237 P32/98 P93/01 NVP-728 Lipase Inhibitor (mech) Orlistat ATL962 Glucokinase Activator Ro 28-1675 (mech) Ro 27-4375 beta-3 Agonist (mech) LY-337604 L-796568 CP-331684 CP-331679 CP-114271 Rafabegron (TAK-677) YM-178 N5984 GW427353 IBAT Inhibitor (mech) AZD-7806 SC-990 SC-017 GW-264 HM74a/HM74 Agonist Acipimox (mech) Glucocorticoid A348441 Antagonist (mech) A362947 CP394531 CP409069 CP472555 Glycogen Phosphorylase a NN4201 Inhibitor (mech) Ingliforib (CP368296) FXR Antagonist (mech) GW-4064 LXR Agonist (mech) GW-3965 T-0901317 T-0314407 FXR Antagonist (mech) GLP-1 Analogue (class) Albugon GSK-3beta Inhibitor (mech) PTP-1b Inhibitor (mech) ISIS-113715 KP102 Amylin Receptor Agonist Pramlintide (symlin/amylin) NO Scavenger (mech) NOX-700 11beta-Hydroxysteroid BVT-3498 Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Peptide YY hormone AC162325 Glucagon Antagonist NN-2501 (mech) PEPCK Inhibitor (mech) R1438 Somatotropin Release- SOM230 inhibiting Factor (mech) CPT-1 Inhibitor (mech) ST1326 Carboxypeptidase MLN-4760 Inhibitor (mech) Leptin analogue (class) Metrileptin E. Combinations

The invention features a combination therapy comprising administering a glucose reabsorption inhibitor, such as an SGLT inhibitor, and at least one antidiabetic agent for the treatment of diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications thereof. The demonstrated efficacy of SGLT inhibitors in numerous models of NIDDM validates the utility of this drug alone for the treatment of NIDDM in humans. Since glucose reabsorption inhibitors have a mechanism of action distinct from that of other antidiabetic agents, such as RXR modulators, the disclosed combination may have the advantage of reducing the amount of either drug necessary to achieve combined therapeutic or pharmaceutical efficacy, relative to the use of either drug alone, thereby reducing one or more adverse side-effects, which often include weight gain, edema, cardiac hypertrophy, hepatohypertrophy, hypoglycemia, or hepatotoxicity, or any combination thereof.

The invention provides a method for treating diabetes or Syndrome X, or complications thereof in a subject, said method comprising administering to said subject a jointly effective amount of a glucose reabsorption inhibitor in combination with a jointly effective amount of an antidiabetic agent. In one aspect of the invention, antidiabetic agent is an RXR agonist or antagonist that increases insulin sensitivity in the subject. Methods to determine the insulin sensitizing activity of an agent are well known in the art. For example, an insulin sensitizer can increase glucose tolerance in a subject in an oral glucose tolerance test.

Particularly, the diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complication thereof is selected from IDDM, NIDDM, IGT, and IFG.

In particular, the glucose reabsorption inhibitor is a SGLT1 and/or SGLT2 inhibitor. More particularly, the glucose reabsorption inhibitor is selected from a compound of Formula (III) and a derivative thereof.

For use in medicine, the salt or salts of the compounds of Formula (III) refer to non-toxic “pharmaceutically acceptable salt or salts.” Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of compounds according to this invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Representative organic or inorganic acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, perchloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, acetic, propionic, glycolic, lactic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, benzoic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, hydroxyethanesulfonic, benezenesulfonic, oxalic, pamoic, 2-naphthalenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclohexanesulfamic, salicylic, saccharinic or trifluoroacetic acid. Representative basic/cationic salts include, but are not limited to, benzathine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine, procaine, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or zinc. The compounds of Formula (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may include an intramolecular salt thereof, or a solvate or hydrate thereof.

F. Administration, Formulation, and Dosages

The utility of the disclosed compounds, compositions, and combinations to treat disorders in glucose and lipid metabolism can be determined according to the procedures well known in the art (see the references listed below), as well as all the procedures described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,424,406, 5,731,292, 5,767,094, 5,830,873, 6,048,842, WO 01/16122 and WO 01/16123 which are incorporated herein by reference. The compound may be administered to a patient by any conventional route of administration, including, but not limited to, intravenous, oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal and parenteral administration. Preferably, formulations are for oral administration.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more glucose reabsorption inhibitors and one or more antidiabetic agents in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The daily dosage of the products may be varied over a wide range from 1 to 1000 mg per adult human per day. For oral administration, the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100, 150, 200, 250 or 500 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated. The compounds may be administered on a regimen of 1 to 2 times per day. The dosages, however, may be varied depending upon the requirement of the patients, the severity of the condition being treated and the compound being employed. The use of either daily administration or post-periodic dosing may be employed. Preferably these compositions are in unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills, capsules, powders, granules, sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions, metered aerosol or liquid sprays, drops, ampoules, auto-injector devices or suppositories; for oral parenteral, intranasal, sublingual or rectal administration, or for administration by inhalation or insufflation. Alternatively, the composition may be presented in a form suitable for once-weekly or once-monthly administration; for example, an insoluble salt of the active compound, such as the decanoate salt, may be adapted to provide a depot preparation for intramuscular injection. For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient or ingredients are mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier, e.g. conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g. water, to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of one or more glucose reabsorption inhibitors and one or more antidiabetic agents, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the active ingredient or ingredients are dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into equally effective dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation composition is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from 0.1 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient or ingredients of the present invention. The tablets or pills of the novel composition can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permits the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of material can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol and cellulose acetate.

The liquid forms in which the novel compositions of the present invention may be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include, aqueous solutions, suitably flavoured syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavoured emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles. Suitable dispersing or suspending agents for aqueous suspensions, include synthetic and natural gums such as tragacanth, acacia, alginate, dextran, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone or gelatin. The liquid forms in suitably flavored suspending or dispersing agents may also include the synthetic and natural gums, for example, tragacanth, acacia, methyl-cellulose and the like. For parenteral administration, sterile suspensions and solutions are desired. Isotonic preparations which generally contain suitable preservatives are employed when intravenous administration is desired.

Advantageously, the combinations of one or more glucose reabsorption inhibitors of the present invention may be administered, alone or in combination with one or more antidiabetic agents, in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, one or more glucose reabsorption inhibitors and/or one or more antidiabetic agents according to the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.

For instance, for oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like. Moreover, when desired or necessary, suitable binders; lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture. Suitable binders include, without limitation, starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like. Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like.

Wherein the present invention is directed to the administration of a combination, the compounds may be co-administered simultaneously, sequentially, or in a single pharmaceutical composition. Where the compounds are administered separately, the number of dosages of each compound given per day, may not necessarily be the same, e.g. where one compound may have a greater duration of activity, and will therefore, be administered less frequently.

Optimal dosages to be administered may be readily determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular compound used, the strength of the preparation, the mode of administration, and the advancement of the disease condition. In addition, factors associated with the particular patient being treated, including patient age, weight, diet and time of administration, will result in the need to adjust dosages.

The novel compositions of the present invention can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of lipids, including but not limited to amphipathic lipids such as phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylethanolamines, phophatidylcholines, cardiolipins, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylglycerols, phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylinositols, diacyl trimethylammonium propanes, diacyl dimethylammonium propanes, and stearylamine, neutral lipids such as triglycerides, and combinations thereof. They may either contain cholesterol or may be cholesterol-free.

From Formula (I) and other disclosed formulae it is evident that some compounds in the compositions of the invention may have one or more asymmetric carbon atoms in their structure. It is intended that the present invention include within its scope the stereochemically pure isomeric forms of the compounds as well as their racemates. Stereochemically pure isomeric forms may be obtained by the application of art known principles. Diastereoisomers may be separated by physical separation methods such as fractional crystallization and chromatographic techniques, and enantiomers may be separated from each other by the selective crystallization of the diastereomeric salts with optically active acids or bases or by chiral chromatography. Pure stereoisomers may also be prepared synthetically from appropriate stereochemically pure starting materials, or by using stereospecific reactions.

Some compounds in the compositions of the present invention may have various individual isomers, such as trans and cis, and various alpha and beta attachments (below and above the plane of the drawing). In addition, where the processes for the preparation of the compounds according to the invention give rise to mixture of stereoisomers, these isomers may be separated by conventional techniques such as preparative chromatography. The compounds may be prepared as a single stereoisomer or in racemic form as a mixture of some possible stereoisomers. The non-racemic forms may be obtained by either synthesis or resolution. The compounds may, for example, be resolved into their components enantiomers by standard techniques, such as the formation of diastereomeric pairs by salt formation. The compounds may also be resolved by covalent linkage to a chiral auxiliary, followed by chromatographic separation and/or crystallographic separation, and removal of the chiral auxiliary. Alternatively, the compounds may be resolved using chiral chromatography. Unless otherwise noted, the scope of the present invention is intended to cover all such isomers or stereoisomers per se, as well as mixtures of cis and trans isomers, mixtures of diastereomers and racemic mixtures of enantiomers (optical isomers) as well.

The therapeutic effect of the glucose reabsorption inhibitor administered in combination with an antidiabetic agent in treating diabetes, Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications can be shown by methods known in the art. The following examples of combination treatment with SGLT inhibitors and antidiabetic agents are intended to illustrate the invention but not to limit it.

G. Synthetic Chemical Examples.

One aspect of the invention features compounds of formula (I) as described above in the Summary section, the description, and the appended claims. These disclosed compounds may be made according to traditional synthetic organic chemistry methods or according to matrix or combinatorial chemistry methods. The Schemes and Examples below provde general guidance.

¹HNMR spectra were measured on a Brucker AC-300 (300 MHz) spectrometer using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard.

EXAMPLE 1

2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}β-D-glucopyranoside

A. 4-Benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide. To a suspension of sodium hydride (1.52 g, 38 mmol) in anhydrous THF (48 mL) was added dropwise a solution of 4-benzyloxy-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (7.93 g, 32 mmol) in anhydrous THF (80 ml) at 0° C. After stirring at 0° C. for 15 min, N,N-diethylcarbamyl chloride (4.76 mL, 38 mmol) was added dropwise into the reaction mixture. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction was then quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organics were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was crystallized from ether/hexane to give the title compound (8.93 g, 80%) as a white solid.

-   B.     4-Benzyloxy-3-[2-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)-vinyl]indole-1-carboxylic     acid diethylamide: To a solution of     [(2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)methyl]triphenylphosphonium bromide     (10 g, 21.05 mmol) (prepared according to: Harrowven, D. C. et al in     Tetrahedron, 2001, 57, 4447-4454) in THF (200 mL) at −78° C. was     added LDA (10.6 mL, 21.05 mmol) and the resulting reaction mixture     was allowed to stir at −78° C. for 1 h. Thereafter, the aldehyde     prepared in the previous step (2.5 g, 7.14 mmol) was added and the     resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature     for 2 h. The reaction mixture was poured onto 0.2 M HCl and     extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate extracts     were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and     concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO₂, 0-25% Ethyl     Acetate-Hexanes eluant) provided the desired compound in     quantitative yield. -   C.     3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-4-hydroxy-indole-1-carboxylic     acid diethylamide: To a solution of the vinyl urea prepared in step     B (400 mg, 0.86 mmol) in EtOAc (10 mL) and EtOH (10 mL) at room     temperature was added 10% Pd/C (80 mg) and the resulting reaction     mixture was allowed stir in a Parr Shaker under 10 psi hydrogen     pressure for 5 h. The reaction mixture upon removal from the Parr     Shaker was filtered through a pad of Celite and the filterate     concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO₂, 0-25% Ethyl     Acetate-Hexanes eluant) provided 1.1 g of the desired compound (1.62     g theoretical, 68% yield). -   D.     2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside:     To a solution of the urea prepared in step C (1 g, 2.65 mmol) in     acetone (8 mL) at room temperature was added potassium carbonate     (1.82 g, 13.2 mmol) followed by     2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (1.17 g, 5.27     mmol) and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room     temperature for 72 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through     Celite and the filtrate washed with ethyl acetate. The combined     organic layers were concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO₂,     0-20% Ethyl Acetate-Hexanes eluant) provided 0.54 g of the desired     compound (1.87 g theoretical, 29% yield). -   E. 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}     β-D-glucopyranoside: To a solution of the acetyl indole prepared in     step D (530 mg, 0.75 mmol) in ethanol (50 mL) was added 25% NaOH (16     mL) and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at reflux     for 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (200 mL) and     the pH adjusted to 11 with the addition of 1 N HCl. The reaction     mixture was then concentrated in vacuo to remove ethanol. The     aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl     acetate extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous     magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO₂,     0-10% MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ eluant) provided 290 mg of the desired compound as     a white solid (330 mg theoretical yield, 88% yield). ¹HNMR (300 MHz,     CD₃OD) δ 7.1(s, 1H), 7-6.85(m, 3H), 6.77(s, 1H), 6.75-6.65(m, 1H),     6.58(d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.2(d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.47(t, J=8 Hz, 2H),     3.95-3.85(m, 1H), 3.75-3.7(m, 1H), 3.6-3.55(m, 1H), 3.5-3.4(m, 3H),     3.15 (t, J=8 Hz, 2H), 3.1-2.9(m, 4H), 2.9-2.8(m, 1H). MS: m/z (MH⁺)     442.

EXAMPLE 2

2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-6-O-acetyl β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was isolated as a by-product in Example 1, Part E. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.1-7.05(m, 1H), 7.0-6.9(m, 3H), 6.76(s, 1H), 6.7-6.65(m, 1H), 6.58(d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.17(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.46(t, J=8 Hz, 2H), 4.45-4.35(m,1H), 4.25-4.2(m, 1H), 3.7-3.6(m, 2H), 3.55-3.4(m, 2H), 3.3-3.2(m, 1H), 3.14(t, J=8 Hz, 2H), 3.1-2.8(m, 3H), 1.92(s, 3H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 484.

EXAMPLE 3

2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy} β-D-glucopyranoside

-   A. 4-Benzyloxy-1-methyl-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde: To a solution of     commercially available 4-benzyloxy-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (1 g,     3.98 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) at 0° C. was added NaH (262 mg, 8.75 mmol,     80% dispersion in oil) followed by methyl iodide (0.25 mL, 3.98     mmol) and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room     temperature for 6 h. The reaction mixture was poured onto water and     extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate extracts     were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and     concentrated in vacuo to provide the desired compound in     quantitative yield. -   B.     2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy}β-D-glucopyranoside:     The title compound was prepared from     4-benzyloxy-1-methyl-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (preparation described     in Part A) and     [(2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)methyl]triphenylphosphonium bromide by     the same procedure as described in step B through E in Example 1.     ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.1-7.0(m, 1H), 6.95-6.8(m, 3H), 6.7-6.6(m,     1H), 6.55-6.5(m, 1H), 4.95(d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 4.3-4.3(m, 1H),     4.0-3.9(m, 1H), 3.8-3.65(m, 2H), 3.6(s, 3H), 3.6-5(m, 2H),     3.45-3.4(m, 1H), 3.15-3.0(m, 3H), 2.95-2.85(m, 2H), 2.65-2.55(m,     1H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 456.

EXAMPLE 4

2-[3-(2-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy] β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide prepared in step A of Example 1 and 5-piperonylmethyl triphenylphosphonium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 1. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ 9.88 (br s,1H), 7.05-6.9 (m, 3H), 6.8 (s, 1H), 6.75-6.65 (m, 3H), 5.9 (s, 2H), 5.2 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.4(brs, 2H), 3.95-3.85(m, 1H), 3.8-3.5(m, 6H), 3.3-3.2(m, 1H), 3.15-2.85(m, 6H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 444.

EXAMPLE 5

2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide and 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxo-6-meyl triphenylphosphonium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 1. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ 9.89 (br s, 1H), 7.05-6.95(m, 3H), 6.8-6.65(m, 4H), 5.2(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.4-4.25(m, 2H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 3.95-3.85(m, 1H), 3.75-3.55(m, 6H), 3.3-3.2(m, 1H), 3.15-2.8(m, 5H). MS: m/z (M⁺) 457.

EXAMPLE 6

2-[3-(2-Naphthalen-2-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide and 2-naphthylmethyltriphenylphosphonium chloride by the same procedure as described in Example 1. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ 9.89(br s, 1H), 7.9-7.75(m, 4H), 7,55-7.35(m, 3H), 7.1-6.9(m, 3H), 6.74(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 5.26(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.5-4.4(m, 2H), 3.95-3.85(m, 1H), 3.8-3.55(m, 6H), 3.45-3.35(m, 1H), 3.25-3.1(m, 5H). MS: m/z (M⁺+Na) 472.

EXAMPLE 7

2-{3-[2-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide and 4-methoxybenzyl triphenyphosphonium chloride by the same procedure as described in Example 1. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ 9.87 (br s, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=7 Hz, 2H), 7.05-6.9(m, 3H), 6.8(d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 6.7(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 5.2(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.5-4.3(m, 2H), 3.95-3.85(m, 1H), 3.75(s, 3H), 3.7-3.5(m, 6H), 3.3-3.2(m, 1H), 3.15-2.85(m, 5H). MS: m/z (M⁺) 429.

EXAMPLE 8

2-{3-[2-(4-Ethoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide and 4-ethoxybenzyl triphenyphosphonium chloride by the same procedure as described in Example 1. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ 9.8(br s, 1H), 7.2(d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.05-6.95(m, 3H), 6.8(d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 6.7(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.0(q, J=7 Hz, 2H), 3.95-3.85(m, 1H), 3.75-3.5(m, 6H), 3.35-3.25(m, 1H), 3.15-2.9(m, 5H), 1.35(t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS: m/z (M⁺+Na) 466.

EXAMPLE 9

2-{3-[2-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide and (4-ethylbenzyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride by the same procedure as described in Example 1. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ 9.8(br s, 1H), 7.2(d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.1(d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.05-6.8(m, 3H), 6.7(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 5.2(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.5-4.3(m, 2H), 3.95-3.85(m, 1H), 3.8-3.5(m, 6H), 3.35-3.25(m, 1H), 3.15-2.9(m, 5H), 2.6(q, J 7 Hz, 2H), 1.2(t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 428.

EXAMPLE 10

2-{3-[2-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-6-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside

-   A. 2-Benzyloxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde: To a solution of commercially     available 2-hydroxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde (20 g, 147.05 mmol) in DMF     (200 mL) at 0° C. was added sodium hydride (6.47 g, 161.76 mmol, 60%     oil dispersion) followed by the dropwise addition of benzyl bromide     (19.3 mL, 161.76 mmol). Upon completion of addition of benzyl     bromide, the ice bath is removed and the reaction mixture was     stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction mixture was poured     onto water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl     acetate extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and     concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO₂, 2-5% EtOAc-Hexanes     eluant) provided 29.58 g of the desired product as a white solid     (33.24 g theoretical, 89% yield). -   B. 2-Azido-3-(2-benzyloxy-4-methyphenyl)-acrylic acid ethyl ester:     To a solution of sodium ethoxide (46 mL, 3.1 M in ethanol) in     ethanol (50 mL) at −15° C. was added dropwise a solution of the     aldehyde prepared in the previous step (4 g, 17.7 mmol) and ethyl     azidoacetate (23 mL, 53.09 mmol, 2.3 M solution in dichloromethane)     and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 15° C. for     72 h. The reaction mixture was poured onto saturated sodium     bicarbonate and the extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl     acetate extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and     concentrated in vacuo. The crude product (4.15 g) was used as is     without further purification in the next step of the synthetic     sequence. -   C. 4-Benzyloxy-6-methyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: A     solution of the azido compound prepared in the previous step     (4.15 g) in toluene (60 mL) was refluxed for 18 h. The reaction     mixture was concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO₂, 5-10%     EtOAC-Hexanes eluant) provided 2.52 g of the desired product as a     yellow solid (5.47 g, 46% yield over two steps). -   D. 4-Benzyloxy-6-methyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid: To a solution     of the ester prepared in the previous step (500 mg, 1.62 mmol) in     tetrahydrofuran (4 mL) at room temperature was added lithium     hydroxide (240 mg, 10 mmol) followed by water (2 mL) and methanol (2     mL) and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room     temperature for 72 h. The reaction mixture was poured onto 15%     citric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl     acetate extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and     concentrated in vacuo to provide 437 mg of the desired product as an     off white solid (455 mg theoretical, 96% yield). -   E. 4-Benzyloxy-6-methyl-1H-indole: To a solution of the acid     prepared in the previous step (150 mg, 0.53 mmol) in quinoline (2     mL) at room temperature was added copper powder (10 mg, 0.16 mmol)     and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 235° C.     for 900 seconds in a microwave reactor. The reaction mixture was     poured onto 1 N HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined     ethyl acetate extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and     concentrated In vacuo. Chromatography (SiO₂, 10 to 20% Ethyl     Acetate-Hexanes eluant) provided 617 mg of the desired product as a     dark oil (759 mg theoretical, 81% yield). -   F. 4-Benzyloxy-6-methyl-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde: To a solution of     POCl₃ (1 mL) in DMF (4 mL) at 0° C. was added indole prepared in the     previous step (617 mg, 02.59 mmol) in THF (6 mL) and the resulting     reaction mixture was allowed to stir with warming to room     temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was poured on to saturated     sodium bicarbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined     ethyl acetate extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and     concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO₂, 40% Ethyl     Acetate-Hexanes eluant) provided 220 mg of the desired compound as a     pale yellow solid (686 mg theoretical, 32% yield). -   G. 4-Benzyloxy-3-formyl-6-methyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid     diethylamide: To a solution of aldehyde prepared in the previous     step (240 mg, 0.91 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (6 mL) at room     temperature was added sodium hydride (54 mg, 1.35 mmol, 60%     dispersion in oil) and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to     sitr at room temperature for 0.5 h. Thereafter N,N-diethylcarbamyl     chloride (0.17 mL, 1.35 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was     allowed to stir at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture     was poured onto water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined     ethyl extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and     concentrated in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO₂, 30% EtOAc-Hexanes     eluant) provided 290 mg of the desired product as a pale yellow     solid (331 mg theoretical, 88% yield). -   H.     2-{3-[2-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-6-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside:     The title compound was prepared from     4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-6-methyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide     and 4-methoxybenzyl triphenyphosphonium chloride by the same     procedure as described in Example 1. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ 9.7     (br s, 1H), 7.19(d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 6.9-6.75(m, 4H), 6.56(s, 1H), 5.21     (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.4-4.25(m, 2H), 3.95-3.85(m, 1H), 3.75(s, 3H),     3.7-3.5(m, 5H), 3.3-3.2(m, 1H), 3.15-2.8(m, 4H), 2.8(s, 3H). MS: m/z     (MH⁺) 444.

EXAMPLE 11

2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

-   A. 4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid     diethylamide: To a solution of     4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide, prepared     in step A of Example 1 (1.0 g, 2.8 mmol) in 6 mL of anhydrous THF     was added dropwise a 0.5 M solution of 4-ethylphenylmagnesium     bromide in anhydrous THF (6.2 mL, 3.1 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction     mixture was continued stirring at 0° C. for 30 min, quenched with     saturated ammonium chloride solution and extracted with ethyl     acetate. The organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate and     concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was used directly in the     next step. To a solution of the crude indolecarbinol in 6 mL     dichloromethane was added triethylsilane (0.46 g, 4.0 mmol) at −78°     C., followed by addition of a 1.0 M solution of stannic chloride in     dichloromethane (3.6 mL, 3.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was     continued stirring at −78° C. for 20 min, quenched with water and     warmed to room temperature. After extraction with dichloromethane,     the organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated in     vacuo and chromatographed with silica gel eluting with ethyl     acetate/hexane (25:100) to provide the title compound (0.91 g,     yield: 74%) as colorless oil. -   B. 3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-4-hydroxy-indole-1-carboxylic acid     diethylamide: A solution of Part A (0.91 g, 2.1 mmol) in ethanol (10     mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL) was hydrogenated over 10% Pd-C     (0.18 g) under H₂ (14 psi) for 7 h. The catalyst was removed by     filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The crude     product was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with     methanol/chloroform (4:100) to provide the title compound (0.42 g,     57%) as a white solid. -   C.     [1-Diethylcarbamoyl-3-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-]-β-D-glucopyranoside:     To a solution of Part B (0.42 g, 1.2 mmol) in acetone (2.4 mL) was     added potassium carbonate (0.79 g, 6 mmol), followed by addition of     2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (1.08 g, 2.6     mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for     24 h. Then solids were filtered and washed with ethyl acetate. The     organic extracts were washed with water and brine, dried over     anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude     product was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with     ethyl acetate/hexane (50:50) to provide the title compound (0.37 g,     45%). -   D. 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside: Part     C (0.37 g, 0.5 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (30 mL) and 25%     aqueous sodium hydroxide (10 mL) and the resulting solution was     brought to reflux for 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, the     mixture was diluted with water (20 mL), concentrated in vacuo to     remove most of ethanol, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The     organic extracts were washed with water and brine, dried over     anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude     product was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with     methanol/chloroform (10:100) to provide the final product (0.16 g,     76%) as an off-white solid. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.18 (d, J=8.0     Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.86 Hz, 2H), 7.01-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.68 (s, 1H),     6.66 (d, J=2.21 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=7.39 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (d, J=16.2     Hz, 1H), 4.25 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=2.03, 11.93 Hz, 1H),     3.68 (dd, J=5.42, 12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.50-3.41 (m, 4H), 2.59 (q, J=7.41     Hz, 2H), 1.21 (t, J=7.54 Hz, 3H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 414.

EXAMPLE 12

2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-methoxycarbonyl-β-D-glucopyranoside

A 1.0 M solution of methyl chloroformate in dichloromethane (0.24 mL, 0.24 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 2-[3-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside (Example 11, 0.093 g, 0.22 mmol) in 2,4,6-collidine (1 mL) at −30° C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature over the period of 2 h, and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with the addition of water and the mixture was diluted with diethyl ether. The pH of the aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 7 by addition of cold 1N HCl, and the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether. The organics were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with methanol/chloroform (8:100) to provide the final product (0.052 g, 50%) as an off-white solid. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.18 (d, J=8.15 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=8.05 Hz, 2H), 7.02-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.64-6.61 (m, 2H), 5.04 (d, J=7.35 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (dd, J=2.21, 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.35-4.27 (m, 3H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.66-3.61 (m,1H), 3.49-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.38-3.36 (m, 1H), 2.59 (q, J=7.76 Hz, 2H), 1.21 (t, J=7.66 Hz, 3H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 472.

EXAMPLE 13

2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-ethoxycarbonyl-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 2-[3-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside (Example 11) and ethyl chloroformate by the same procedure as described in Example 12. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.18 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.01-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 5.04 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (dd, J=2.1, 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.32-4.27 (m, 3H), 4.14-4.06 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.61 (m, 1H), 3.49-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.40-3.36 (m, 1H), 2.59 (q, J=7.76 Hz, 2H), 1.26-1.18 (m, 6H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 486.

EXAMPLE 14

2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-hexanoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside

A solution of hexanoyl chloride (0.072 mg, 0.53 mmol) in dichloromethane (0.05 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of ²-[3-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside (Example 11, 0.22 g, 0.53 mmol) in 2,4,6-collidine (2 mL) at −30° C. The mixture was stirred below 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with the addition of water and the mixture was diluted with diethyl ether. The pH of the aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 7 by addition of cold 1N HCl, and the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether. The organics were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with methanol/chloroform (8:100) to provide the final product (0.207 g, 76%) as an off-white solid. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.17 (d, J=8.06 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=8.12 Hz, 2H), 7.02-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.64-6.61 (m, 2H), 5.03 (d, J=7.31 Hz, 1H), 4.41-4.38 (m, 1H), 4.29-4.20 (m, 3H), 3.65-3.59 (m, 1H), 3.49-3.43 (m, 2H), 3.38-3.36 (m, 1H), 2.59 (q, J=7.42 Hz, 2H), 2.28 (t, J=7.22 Hz, 2H), 1.57-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.27-1.18 (m, 7H), 0.85 (t, J=6.85 Hz, 3H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 512.

EXAMPLE 15

2-[3-(4-Methyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide and 4-methylphenylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.15 (d, J=7.86 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.99-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.68-6.65 (m, 2H), 5.07 (d, J=7.22 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (d, J=16.1 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (dd, J=1.79, 11.89 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (dd, J=5.44, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.48-3.35 (m, 4H), 2.28 (s, 3H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 400.

EXAMPLE 16

2-[3-(3-Fluoro-4-methyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide and 3-fluoro-4-methylphenylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ 10.01 (br s, 1H), 7.1-6.9(m, 5H), 6.85-6.8(m, 1H), 6.7(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 5.2(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.6-4.55(m, 1H), 4.3(dd, J=15 Hz, 51 Hz, 2H), 3.95-3.85(m, 1H), 3.8-3.7(m, 1H), 3.6-3.5(m, 4H). MS: m/z (M⁺+Na) 440.

EXAMPLE 17

2-[3-(4-propyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide and 4-propylphenylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.17 (d, J=7.91 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=7.86 Hz, 2H), 7.00-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.68-6.65 (m, 2H), 5.08 (d, J=6.94 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (d, J=16.1 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=1.83, 12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (dd, J=5.43, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.49-3.39 (m, 4H), 2.54 (t, J=7.49 Hz, 2H), 1.66-1.58 (m, 2H), 0.93 (t, J=7.31 Hz, 3H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 428.

EXAMPLE 18

2-[3-(4-isopropyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide and 4-isopropylphenylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.19 (d, J=8.07 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=8.06 Hz, 2H), 7.01-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.68-6.65 (m, 2H), 5.09 (d, J=7.03 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=1.74, 11.8 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (dd, J=5.42, 12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.49-3.37 (m, 4H), 2.89-2.80 (m, 1H), 1.22 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 6H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 428.

EXAMPLE 19

2-(3-Biphenyl-4-ylmethyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide and 4-biphenylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.58 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=8.11 Hz, 2H), 7.41-7.35 (m, 4H), 7.28 (t, J=7.47 Hz, 1H), 7.02-6.69 (m, 2H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.68 (d, J=5.12 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (d, J=7.49 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=2.09, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (dd, J=5.62,12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.51-3.36 (m, 4H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 462.

EXAMPLE 20

2-[3-(2-Fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide and 3-fluoro-4-biphenylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.53-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.21 (d, J=1.46 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.00 (m, 3H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 6.71 (dd, J=2.06, 6.62 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (d, J=7.17 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=2.23, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (dd, J=5.66, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.42 (m, 3H), 3.39-3.35 (m, 1H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 480.

EXAMPLE 21

2-[1-Diethylcarbamoyl-3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

[1-Diethylcarbamoyl-3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-]-β-D-glucopyranoside (0.13 g, 0.19 mmol, prepared from 4-benzyloxy-N,N-diethylcarbamyl indole 3-carboxaldehyde, prepared in step A of Example 1, and 4-methoxyphenyl-magnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11, Part A, B and C) was dissolved in methanol (1 mL) and (0.2 mL), followed by addition of excess of potassium carbonate. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Tent solids were filtered and washed with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate solution was washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentraded in vacuo. The product was purified by chromatography on silica gel, eluting with methanol/chloroform (10:100), to give the title compound (0.03 g yield: 31%) as a white solid. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.26-7.20 (m, 4H), 6.92-6.86 (m, 3H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 5.12 (d, J=7.11 Hz, 1H), 4.30-428 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.77-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.64-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.50-3.40 (m, 5H), 1.22-1.15 (m, 6H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 515.

EXAMPLE 22

2-[3-(4-Methoxy-benzil)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

[1-Diethylcarbamoyl-3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-]-β-D-glucopyranoside (0.16 g, 0.23 mmol, prepared from 4-benzyloxy-N,N-diethylcarbamyl indole 3-carboxaldehyde prepared in step A of Example 1, and 4-methoxyphenyl-magnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11, Part A, B and C) was dissolved in ethanol (15 mL) and 25% aqueous sodium hydroxide (5 mL) and the resulting solution was brought to reflux for 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with water (20 mL), concentrated in vacuo to remove most of ethanol, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with methanol/chloroform (10:100) to provide the final product (0.062 g, 65%) as an off-white solid. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.18 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H), 6.98-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.81-6.78 (m, 2H), 6.68-6.65 (m, 2H), 5.08 (d, J=7.25 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (d, J=16.1 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (d, J=16.1 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=1:98, 12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.71-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.49-3.40 (m, 3H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 416.

EXAMPLE 23

2-[3-(4-Methoxy-benzyl)-1-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

-   A. 4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-1H-indole:     4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid     diethylamide (0.38 g, 0.86 mmol, prepared from     4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide, prepared     in step A of Example 1, and 4-methoxyphenyl-magnesium bromide by the     same procedure as described in Example 11, Part A) was dissolved in     ethanol (15 mL) and 25% aqueous sodium hydroxide (5 mL) and the     resulting solution was brought to reflux for 3 h. After cooling to     room temperature, the mixture was diluted with water (20 mL),     concentrated in vacuo to remove most of ethanol, and extracted with     ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were washed with water and     brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in     vacuo. The crude product (0.25 g, 86%, a yellow solid) was pure and     used directly in the next step. -   B. 4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-1-methyl-1H-indole: To a     suspension of sodium hydride (0.029 g, 38 mmol, 60% in oil     suspension) in anhydrous DMF (0.5 mL) was added dropwise a solution     of Part A (0.24 g, 0.69 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (2 mL) at 0° C. After     stirring at 0° C. for 15 min, iodomethane (0.11 g, 0.76 mmol) was     added dropwise into the reaction mixture. The mixture was warmed to     room temperature and stirred for 30 min. The reaction was then     quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organics     were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and     concentrated in vacuo. The crude product (0.24 g, 99%, an orange     oil) was pure and used directly in the next step. -   C. 3-(4-Methoxy-benzyl)-1-methyl-1H-indol-4-ol: A solution of Part B     (0.24 g, 0.69 mmol) in ethanol (5 mL) and ethyl acetate (10 mL) was     hydrogenated over 10% Pd-C (0.05 g) under H₂ (50 psi) for 3 h. The     catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated     in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica     gel eluting with methanol/chloroform (4:100) to provide the title     compound (0.17 g, 92%) as a yellow solid. -   D.     2-[3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-1-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside:     To a solution of Part C (0.17 g, 0.63 mmol) in acetone (1 mL) was     added potassium carbonate (0.43 g, 3.2 mmol), followed by addition     of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (0.51 g, 1.2     mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for     24 h. Then solids were filtered and washed with ethyl acetate. The     ethyl acetate solution was washed with water and brine, dried over     anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was     dissolved in methanol (2 mL) and chloroform (0.5 mL), followed by     addition of excess of potassium carbonate. The resulting mixture was     stirred at room temperature for 4 h. Then solids were filtered and     washed with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate solution was washed     with water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and     concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by chromatography on     silica gel eluting with methanol/chloroform (10:100) to give the     final product (0.035 g, yield: 9%) as a white solid. ¹HNMR (300 MHz,     CD₃OD) δ 7.18 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 2H), 7.07-7.02 (m, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=7.62     Hz, 1H), 6.82-6.79 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.71 (d, J=7.24 Hz, 1H), 6.59     (s, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=7.04 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (d,     J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=1.79, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H),     3.71-3.65 (m, 4H), 3.50-3.40 (m, 4H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 430.

EXAMPLE 24

2-[3-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide, prepared in step A of Example 1, and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.03-6.91 (m, 5H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 6.70-6.67 (m, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=7.46 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (d, J=16.1 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (dd, J=2.17, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.66 (dd, J=5.61, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.48-3.34 (m, 4H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 434.

EXAMPLE 25

2-[3-(4-Ethoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide, prepared in step A of Example 1, and 4-ethoxyphenylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.17 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 2H), 6.99-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.81-6.78 (m, 2H), 6.68 (s, 2H), 6.66 (d, J=2.33 Hz, 2H), 5.09 (d, J=7.34 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (q, J=7.01 Hz, 2H), 3.88 (dd, J=1.86, 11.98 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (dd, J=5.26, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.50-3.40 (m, 4H), 1.36 (t, J=7.06 Hz, 3H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 430.

EXAMPLE 26

2-[3-(4-Phenoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide, prepared in step A of Example 1, and 4-phenoxyphenylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.32-7.25 (m, 4H), 7.06.-6.93 (m, 5H), 6.87 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 3H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.68 (dd, J=2.13, 6.04 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (d, J=6.97 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (dd, J=5.50, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.50-3.37 (m, 4H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 478.

EXAMPLE 27

2-[3-(4-Methylsulfanyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

-   A. 4-Hydroxy-3-(4-methylsulfanyl-benzyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid     diethylamide: To a solution of     4-benzyloxy-3-(4-methylsulfanyl-benzyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid     diethylamide (0.63 g, 1.38 mmol, prepared from     4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide and     4-methylsulfanyl-phenylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as     described in Example 11, (Part A) and N,N-dimethylaniline (0.57 mL,     4.3 mmol) in dichloromethane (3.2 mL) was added powdered AlCl₃ (0.75     g, 5.6 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred     for 2 h, quenched by addition of 1 N HCl (9.5 mL) and the aqueous     layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organics were washed     with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in     vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica     gel, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane (25:100) to provide the title     compound (0.48 g, 96%) as yellow oil. -   B.     2-Hydroxymethyl-6-[3-(4-methylsulfanyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside:     The title compound was prepared from Part A by the same procedure as     described in Example 11, Part C and D. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) 8 7.22     (d, J=8.30 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J=8.19 Hz, 2H), 6.99-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.72     (s, 1H), 6.69-6.66 (m, 1H), 5.09 (d, J=7.17 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (d, J=15.9     Hz, 1H), 4.23 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=2.17, 12.1 Hz, 1H),     3.66 (dd, J=5.61, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.49-3.39 (m, 4H), 2.43 (s, 3H). MS:     m/z (MH⁺) 432.

EXAMPLE 28

2-[3-(4-Chloro-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide, prepared in step A of Example 1, and 4-chlorophenylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ 10.03(br s, 1H), 7.35(d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.2(d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.1-6.85(m, 3H), 6.7(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 5.11(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.45-4.15(m, 5H), 3.95-3.85(m, 1H), 3.75-3.65(m, 1H), 3.6-3.4(m, 5H), 2.93(s,1H). MS: m/z (M⁺+Na) 442.

EXAMPLE 29

2-(3-Naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide, prepared in step A of Example 1, and 2-naphthylmethylphenylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃COCD₃) δ 10.01(brs, 1H), 7.9-7.8(m, 4H), 7.7.55-7.5(m, 1H), 7.4-7.3(m, 2H), 7.05-6.9(M, 2H), 6.85(m, 1H), 7.6(1H), 5.13(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.48(dd, J=15 Hz, 40 Hz, 2H), 3.9-3.8(m, 1H), 3.7-3.45(m, 6H). MS: m/z (M⁺+Na) 458.

EXAMPLE 30

2-[3-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide, prepared in step A of Example 1, and 2,3-dihydro-benzofuranylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.98-6.93 (m, 3H), 6.70-6.58 (m, 3H), 5.08 (d, J=7.31 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (t, J=8.66 Hz, 2H), 4.28 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (d, J=16.1 Hz, 1H), 3.90-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.71-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.49-3.40 (m, 4H), 3.12 (m, 2H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 428.

EXAMPLE 31

2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1-isopropyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide, prepared in step A of Example 1, and 4-ethylphenylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 23. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.17 (d, J=8.15 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=8.16 Hz, 2H), 7.04-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 6.70-6.67 (m, 1H), 5.07 (d, J=7.21 Hz, 1H), 4.60-4.65 (m, 1H), 4.34 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=2.16, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.64 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.45 (m, 3H), 2.63-2.56 (m, 2H), 2.59 (q, J=7.52 Hz, 2H), 1.21 (t, J=7.54 Hz, 3H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 456.

EXAMPLE 32

2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-6-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-Benzyloxy-3-formyl-6-methyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide (Example 9, Part G) and 4-ethylphenylmagnesium bromide by the procedure described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 9.8 (brs, 1H), 7.4 (d, J=7 Hz, 2H), 7.1 (d, J=7 Hz, 2H), 6.85(s, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 5.1-5.05 (m, 1H), 4.25 (dd, J=5 Hz, 10 Hz, 2H), 3.95-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.55-3.3 (m, 4H), 2.55 (q, J=3 Hz, 2H), 2.33(s, 3H), 1.20 (t, J=3 Hz, 3H). MS: m/z (M⁺) 427.

EXAMPLE 33

2-[3-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

-   A. 4-Benzyloxy-3-iodo-1H-indole: To a solution of     4-benzyloxy-1H-indole (1.0 g, 4.5 mmol) in pyridine (2.5 mL) was     added dropwise a 1.0 M solution of iodochlororide in dichloromethane     (5 mL, 5 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was continued to stir at 0° C.     for 15 min, then warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The     mixture was poured onto ice-water, neutralized with 1 N HCl solution     and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organics were washed with     brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in     vacuo. The residue was crystallized from ethyl acetate/hexane to     give the title compound (1.2 g, 77%) as a light pink solid. -   B. 1-Benzenesulfonyl-4-benzyloxy-3-iodo-1H-indole: A mixture of Part     A (0.35 g, 1 mmol), tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.032 g, 0.1 mmol)     and benzenesulfonyl chloride (0.22 g, 1.3 mmol) in 25% aqueous     sodium hydroxide (2 mL) and benzene (1.6 mL) was stirred at room     temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition     of water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was     washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and     concentrated in vacuo. The crude product (0.49 g, 98%, a white     solid) was pure and used directly for the next step. -   C. 1-Benzenesulfonyl-4-benzyloxy-3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1H-indole: A     solution of Part B (0.49 g, 1 mmol) in dimethoxyethane (25 mL) was     treated with cesium fluoride (0.46 g, 3 mmol),     4-methoxyphenylboronic acid (0.29 g, 1.5 mmol) and     1,1′-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocenedichloropalladium (II) (73     mg). The mixture was stirred at 84° C. overnight, cooled to room     temperature, quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate.     The organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,     concentrated in vacuo and chromatographed on silica gel eluting with     ethyl acetate/hexane (30:100) to give the title compound (0.26 g,     55%). -   D. 1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1H-indol-4-ol: A solution     of Part C (0.26 g, 0.55 mmol) in ethanol (5 mL) and ethyl acetate     (10 mL) was hydrogenated over 10% Pd-C (0.05 g) under H₂ (50 psi)     for 6 h. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was     concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by     chromatography on silica gel eluting with methanol/chloroform     (4:100) to provide the title compound (0.14 g, 67%) as a yellow     solid. -   E. 2-[3-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside:     The title compound was prepared from Part D (0.14 g, 0.36 mmol) by     the same procedure as described in Example 11, Part C and Part D.     ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.63-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.10-7.07     (m, 2H), 6.96-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.83-6.80 (m, 1H), 5.07 (d, J=7.25 Hz,     1H), 3.91-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.73-3.67 (m, 1H), 3.44-3.36     (m, 4H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 402.

EXAMPLE 34

2-[3-Methyl-2-thienyl(-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-formyl-indole-1-carboxylic acid diethylamide, prepared in step A of Example 1, and 3-methyl2-thienylmagnesium bromide by the same procedure as described in Example 11. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.04 (d, J=5.15 Hz, 1H), 7.02-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=4.98 Hz, 1H), 6.74-6.69 (m, 1H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 5.10 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J=4.72 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (dd, J=1.75, 10.35 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (dd, J=5.15, 6.77 Hz, 1H), 3.57-3.35 (m, 5H), 2.21 (s, 3H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 406.

EXAMPLE 35

2-[3-(4-Pyridin-3-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

-   A. (4-Bromo-phenyl)-(4-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone: To a     mixture of aluminum chloride (7 g, 52.6 mmol) in dichloromethane     (400 mL) was added a solution of 4-methoxyindole (4.0 g, 27.2 mmol)     in dichloromethane (40 mL) dropwise through an addition funnel. The     mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and a solution of     4-bromobenzoylchloride (6 g, 27.2 mmol) in dichloromethane (40 mL)     was slowly added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room     temperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with MeOH and     evaporated to dryness. The residue was diluted with water and     extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with brine,     dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness. The crude     solid product was precipitated with Et₂O and collected by     filtration. The solids were then diluted with MeOH and filtered     washing with several portions of MeOH. The methanolic filtrate was     evaporated in vacuo and chromatographed (EtOAc:Hexane; 1:2) to     afford the title compound (1.0 g, 12%). -   B.     (1-Benzenesulfonyl-4-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(4-bromo-phenyl)-methanone:     A mixture of the compound prepared in the previous step (1 g, 3.0     mmol), tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.098 g, 0.3 mmol) and 25%     aqueous NaOH (16 mL) in benzene (16 mL) was stirred vigorously     during the addition of sulfonyl chloride (0.75 g, 4.2 mmol). The     resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, diluted     with H₂O (60 ml) and washed with EtOAc. The organic extracts were     washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated in     vacuo to provide the title compound (1.3 g, 91%). -   C. 1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-(4-bromo-benzyl)-4-methoxy-1H-indole: Sodium     borohydride (2.3 g, 55.3 mmol) was added portionwise over a 30 min     period to trifluoroacetic acid (65 mL) pre-cooled in a flask to     0° C. To this mixture was added a solution of the compound prepared     in Part B (1.3 g, 2.8 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL) through an addition     funnel. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature     overnight, cooled in an ice bath and H₂O (100 mL) was added. Sodium     hydroxide (25% solution, 100 mL) was added to a basic pH.     Dichloromethane (150 mL) was added and layers were separated. The     aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic     extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to     dryness. The crude product was purified by chromatography     (Hexane:EtOAc; 4:1) to provide the title compound (0.81 g, 60%). -   D. 1-Benzenesulfonyl-4-methoxy-3-(4-pyridin-3-yl-benzyl)-1H-indole:     A mixture of the compound prepared in Part B (0.45 g, 0.98 mmol),     3-pyridylboronic acid (0.21 g, 1.5 mmol), cesium flouoride (0.45 g,     2.96 mmol) and PdCl₂(dppf)₂ (0.072 g, 0.099 mmol) in ethylene glycol     dimethyl ether (2.5 mL) was stirred at 72° C. for 24 h. The reaction     mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with H₂O and EtOAc     and filtered through CELITE™. The filtrate was washed with brine,     dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude     product was purified by chromatography (Hexane; EtOAc; 3:2) to     provide the title compound (0.31 g, 69%). -   E. 1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-(4-pyridin-3-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-ol: A     mixture of the compound (0.31 g, 0.68 mmol), prepared in Part D, in     dichloromethane (20 mL) was cooled to −78° C. and boron tribromide     (1 M solution in CH₂Cl₂; 3.4 mL, 3.4 mmol) was slowly added. The     reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 minutes then slowly     warmed up to room temperature and stirred at for 24 h. A 1 M HCl     solution (5 mL) was added dropwise followed by ice H₂O (50 mL). The     methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure and the     aqueous mixture extracted with EtOAc. The combined EtOAc extracts     was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give the     title compound as a yellow solid (0.20 g, 67%). -   F.     2-[3-(4-Pyridin-3-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside:     To a solution of Part E (0.18 g, 0.41 mmol) in acetone (1 mL) was     added potassium carbonate (0.28 g, 2.1 mmol), followed by addition     of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (0.34 g, 8.2     mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h     and another 2 equivalents of     2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide was added. The     mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. Water and EtOAc     were added and the mixture filtered through CELITE™. The filtrate     was washed with water then brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated     in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography     (CH₂Cl₂:Acetone; 20:1) to give pure product. This product was     dissolved in EtOH (5 mL) and 50% aqueous KOH (mL) was added. The     mixture was stirred in a 75° C. oil bath for 1 h, H₂O was added and     the aqueous mixture was carefully neutralized with 10% HCl to pH 9.     The EtOH was removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous mixture     extracted with EtOAc. The ethyl acetate solution was washed with     brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was     purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with     methanol/chloroform (10:100) to give the title compound (9.1 mg, 30%     yield). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.00 (broad s, 1H), 8.48 (broad s,     1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.25 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.41 (m, 5H) 7.00 (m, 2H), 6.80     (s, 1H), 6.69-6.67 (m, 1H), 5.10 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.51-4.46 (d,     J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 4.35-4.30 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.89-3.85 (dd, J=12.1     Hz, J=2 Hz, 1H), 3.69-3.63 (dd, J=11.8 Hz, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.54-3.36     (m, 4H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 463.

EXAMPLE 36

2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

-   A. N-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-acetamide:     1-Methoxy-2-methyl-3-nitro-benzene (0.5 g, 6 mmol) and acetic     anhydride (1.14 g, 12 mmol) were dissolved in 48 mL of acetic acid.     The mixture was hydrogenated over 10% Pd-C (0.12 g) under H₂ (14     psi) for 24 h. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the     filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was dissolved     in ethyl acetate and washed with saturated Na₂CO₃ and brine. After     drying with anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvents were removed and     the product (1.0 g, 99%) was crystallized in diethyl ether as a     white solid. -   B. 4-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole: A mixture of Part A (0.72 g, 4     mmol) and sodium amide (0.39 g, 10 mmol) in N,N-diethylaniline (1     mL) was heated to 210° C. over the period of 30 mins. The mixture     was stirred at 210° C. for 20 mins, cooled to 90° C., and decomposed     with ethanol (0.5 mL) and water (1.5 mL). After cooling to room     temperature, the aqueous phase was extracted with diethyl ether. The     organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,     concentrated in vacuo and purified by chromatography on silica gel     eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane (10:100) to give the title     compound (0.19 g, 30%). -   C. 3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-4-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole: A solution of     Part B (0.19 g, 1.17 mmol) and 4-ethylbenzaldehyde (0.20 g, 1.5     mmol) in dichloromethane (6 mL) was added in drops to a solution of     TFA (0.2 g, 1.8 mmol) and triethylsilane (0.41 g, 3.51 mmol) in     dichloromethane (2 mL). The reaction was monitored by TLC until     judged complete (20 mins) then basified to pH 8-9 with NaOH (1 M)     and partitioned between dichloromethane and brine. The organic     extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated in     vacuo and purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with     chloroform/hexane (20:100) to give the title compound (0.20 g, 61%). -   D.     1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-4-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole: A     mixture of the compound as prepared in Part C (0.25 g, 0.9 mmol),     tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.032 g, 0.1 mmol) and benzenesulfonyl     chloride (0.22 g, 1.3 mmol) in 25% aqueous sodium hydroxide (2 mL)     and benzene (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. The     reaction mixture was quenched by addition of water and extracted     with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and     brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in     vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica     gel eluting with chloroform/hexane (10:100) to give the title     compound (0.10 g, 27%) as yellow oil. -   E. 1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-ol: To a     solution of Part D (0.10 g, 0.24 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was     added a 1.0 M solution of boron tribromide (1 mL, 1 mmol) at −78° C.     The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 minutes then     slowly warmed up to room temperature and stirred at for 24 h. A 1 M     HCl solution (1 mL) was added dropwise followed by ice H₂O (10 mL).     The methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure and the     aqueous mixture extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts     was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated.     The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel     eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane (25:100) to give the title     compound (0.06 g, 64%) as a light brown solid. -   F.     2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside:     The title compound was prepared from Part E as described in Example     11, Part C and D. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.11 (d, J=8.06 Hz, 2H),     7.02 (d, J=7.92 Hz, 2H), 6.95-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.63 (dd, J=7.36, 1.06     Hz, 1H), 5.04 (d, J=7.50 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (d,     J=17.0 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (dd, J=2.15, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (dd, J=5.70,     12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.44-3.36 (m, 4H), 2.56 (q, J=7.38 Hz, 2H), 2.29 (s,     3H), 1.18 (t, J=7.66 Hz, 3H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 414. MS: m/z (MH⁺) 428.

EXAMPLE 37

2-[3-(4-Thiophen-3-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

The title compound was prepared as described in Example 35 substituting the 3-pyridylboronic acid in Part D with 3-thiophinylboronic acid. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.58-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.48-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.34 (m, 2H), 7.05-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 6.73-6.70 (m, 1H), 5.12 (d, J=7.06 Hz, 1H), 4.47-4.29 (dd, J=15.98 Hz, 2H), 3.93-3.88 (m, 1H), 3.73-3.35 (m, 5H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 468.

EXAMPLE 38

2-[3-(4-Ethylbenzoyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside

-   A. (4-Ethyl-phenyl)-(4-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone: To a     mixture of aluminum chloride (0.18 g, 1.36 mmol) in dichloromethane     (15 mL) was added a solution of 4-methoxyindole (2.0 g, 13.6 mmol)     in dichloromethane (10 mL) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at room     temperature for 0.5 hr and a solution of 4-Ethylbenzoylchloride     (2.29 g, 13.6 mmol) was slowly added. The resulting mixture was     stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with     water and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The organic extracts were     washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated to     dryness. The crude product was purified by chromatography (silica     gel, hexane/EtoAc, 4:1) to provide the title compound (0.24 g, 6%). -   B. 3-(4-Ethylbenzoyl)-1H-indol-4-ol: To a solution of Part A (0.29     g, 1.04 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added a 1.0 M solution     of boron tribromide (3.8 mL, 4.16 mmol) at −78° C. The reaction     mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 minutes then slowly warmed up     to room temperature and stirred at RT for 24 h. A 1 M HCl solution     (10 mL) was added dropwise followed by ice H₂O (10 mL). The     methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure and the     aqueous mixture extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic     extract was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and     concentrated. The crude product was washed with ether and filtered.     The ether solution was evaporated to dryness to give the title     compound (0.085 g, 30%). -   C. 2-[3-(4-Ethylbenzoyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside: To a     solution of Part B (0.08 g, 0.302 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added     lithium hydroxide (0.08 g, 3.32 mmol) and the solution was stirred     at RT. After 5 min, the solution was evaporated to dryness.     2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (0.62 g, 1.51     mmol) was added after diluting the residue in DMF (5 mL). After     stirring the reaction mixture at RT overnight, potassium carbonate     (0.41 g, 2.97 mmol) and MeOH (5 mL) was added and stirred at RT     overnight. The resulting solution was poured into water (20 mL) and     the product was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL), ether was added and     the organic extract was washed with water (4×50 mL) and brine. The     combined extract was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in     vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica gel,     dichloromethane:methanol, 97:3) to give the title compound (0.008 g,     6%) as a white solid. 1 HNMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.78     (d, J=8.09, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=7.89, 2H), 7.19 (m, 2H), 6.65 (d,     J=7.47, 1H), 5.47 (d, J=9.09, 1H), 3.80 (m, 4H), 3.54 (m, 2H), 2.77     (q, J=7.47, 2H), 1.30 (t, J=7.59, 3H). MS: m/z (MH⁺) 428.     F. Biological Examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Materials and Methods

Cloning of the human SGLT1 and human SGLT2 cDNAs and construction of the mammalian expression vector: The human SGLT1 cDNA (Genbank M24847) was cloned from human small intestine. Human SGLT2 cDNA (Genbank M95549) was cloned from human kidney. Both full cDNAs were subcloned into pcDNA and sequenced to verify the integrity of the construct. Generation of CHO-K1 cells stably expressing human SGLT1 or human SGLT2: Transfection of CHO-K1 cells was performed using DMRIE-C reagent (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Transfectants were then selected in the presence of the antibiotic G418 (Gibco-BRL, Grand Island, N.Y.) at 400 μg/ml. Individual clones were then characterized using the functional assay described below.

Cell-based assay for sodium-dependent glucose transport: Cell lines stably expressing human SGLT1 or SGLT2 were then used for functional analysis of Na+-dependent glucose uptake. Briefly, cells were plated at a density of 65,000 cells per well in a 96-well plate and allowed to grow for 48 hours. Cells were subsequently washed one time with Assay Buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 20 mM Tris, 5 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM CaCl₂ and 137 mM NaCl) and treated with compound in the absence or presence of NaCl for 15 minutes. Cells were then labeled with ¹⁴C-α-methylglucopyranoside (AMG, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), a non-metabolizable glucose analog specific for sodium-dependent glucose transporters as previously described (Peng, H. and Lever J. E. Post-transcriptional regulation of Na⁺/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) gene expression in LLC-PK1 cells. J Biol Chem 1995;270:20536-20542.). After 2 hours the □abeled cells were washed three times with ice-cold PBS. After aspiration, cells were solubilized using Microscint 20 (Packard, Meriden, Conn.) and Na-dependent ¹⁴C-AMG uptake was quantified by measuring radioactivity. Plates were counted in a TopCount (Packard, Meriden, Conn.). Results are reported as the % inhibition or IC50 value from a representative experiment. Variability for the functional assay was typically within 20%.

EXAMPLE 2 In Vivo Assay for Efficacy

Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats (7-8 weeks) were obtained from Charles River. Animals were maintained on a 12-hour light/dark cycle in a temperature-controlled room. Animals were given ad libitum access to food (standard rodent diet Purina 5008) and water. Animals were fasted for 12 hours prior to initiation of the experiment. On the morning of the experiment, animals were administered vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose) or compound by oral gavage (1 ml/kg). After one hour, animals received an oral glucose challenge (4 ml/kg of 50% solution) and were immediately placed in metabolism cages. Animals were given free access to water and urine was collected for 4 hours. Urinary glucose was quantified using the Trinder Reagent (Sigma).

EXAMPLE 3 Effects on Plasma Glucose, Plasma Insulin, Plasma Triglycerides, Plasma Free Fatty Acids, Liver Weight, and Body Weight

To examine the effect of an SGLT inhibitor in combination with an RXR agonist, female db/db mice (6-7 weeks of age/Jackson Labs, ME) are treated daily for 11 days with vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose), an RXR agonist (0.1-10 mpk (mg/kg)), an SGLT inhibitor (100 mpk), or an RXR agonist plus SGLT inhibitor. Mice (n=8 animals/group) receive the test compounds or vehicle by oral gavage in a volume of 10 ml/kg of body weight. Body weight is recorded on day 1, prior to dosing, and days 4, 8 and 11. Eighteen hours after the final dose, mice are weighed and anesthetized with CO₂/O₂ (70:30). Mice are then bled by retro-orbital sinus puncture into 2 mL heparinized polypropylene tubes on ice. Plasma samples are then assayed for glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and free fatty acids. Livers are excised, weighed and frozen.

The SGLT inhibitors and RXR agonists have distinct mechanisms of action. Improved glycemic control, measured as a decrease in plasma glucose, plasma insulin, plasma free fatty acids, or plasma triglycerides, or a combination thereof, can be observed at lower concentrations of an RXR agonist when given in combination with an SGLT inhibitor. Therefore, a leftward shift in the dose-response curve for effect of an RXR agonist on the above parameters can become apparent. In addition, the weight gain observed following treatment with RXR agonists is less pronounced when given with the SGLT inhibitor, since SGLT inhibitors' promotion of the urinary excretion of glucose and loss of calories from the body is demonstrated by reduction in weight or weight gain. Also, since SGLT inhibitors promote a mild diuresis, the edema (and the edematous weight gain) commonly observed after treatment with RXR agonists can be less pronounced or absent. A reduction in the amount of an RXR agonist necessary to achieve efficacy in turn improves the side-effect profile. The decreased side effects can include such conditions as fatty liver, increased liver weight, body weight gain, heart weight gain, edema, cardiac hypertrophy, hepatohypertrophy, hypoglycemia, and hepatotoxicity, or any combination thereof.

EXAMPLE 4 Effects on Plasma Glucose, HbA1c, Hematocrit, Plasma Insulin, Plasma Triglycerides, Plasma Free Fatty Acids, Total Cholesterol, HDL, Plasma Drug Levels, Liver Weight, Heart Weight, Fat Content and Body Weight

To examine the effect of an SGLT inhibitor in combination with an RXR agonist, male ZDF rats (6 weeks of age/GMI) are treated daily for 28 days with vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose), an RXR agonist (0.1 mpk-10 mpk), SGLT inhibitor (3-100 mpk), or an RXR agonist plus SGLT inhibitor. Rats (n=8 animals/group) receive the test compounds or vehicle by oral gavage in a volume of 2 ml/kg of body weight. Body weight is recorded on day 1, prior to dosing, and twice a week for the duration of the study. On the day prior to the final dose, animals are fasted overnight. One hour after the final dose, rats are weighed and anesthetized with CO₂/O₂ (70:30). Rats are then bled by retro-orbital sinus puncture into 2 mL heparinized polypropylene tubes on ice. Rats then receive a glucose challenge (2 g/kg p.o) and are placed in metabolism cages for the urine collection (4 hours). Animals are then sacrificed and epididymal fat pads, livers, and hearts are excised, weighed and frozen for histological examination. Plasma samples are then assayed for glucose, HbA1c, insulin, hematocrit, plasma drug levels, total cholesterol, HDL, free fatty acids, and triglycerides. Urine volume and urinary glucose, protein, osmolarity, electrolytes (Na, K, Cl), BUN and creatinine are measured.

The SGLT inhibitors and RXR agonists have distinct mechanisms of action. Improved glycemic control, measured as a decrease in plasma glucose, HbAlc, plasma insulin, or plasma triglycerides, or a combination thereof, can be observed at lower concentrations of RXR agonists when given in combination with an SGLT inhibitor. Therefore, a leftward shift in the dose-response curve for effect of RXR agonists on the above parameters can become apparent. In addition, the weight gain observed following treatment with RXR agonists is less pronounced when given with the SGLT inhibitor, since SGLT inhibitors' promotion of the urinary excretion of glucose and loss of calories from the body is demonstrated by reduction in weight or weight gain. Also, since SGLT inhibitors promote a mild diuresis, the edema (and the edematous weight gain) commonly observed after treatment with RXR agonists can be less pronounced or absent. This can be demonstrated by a reduction in the RXR agonist-induced increase in heart weight. A reduction in the amount of RXR agonists necessary to achieve efficacy in turn improves the side-effect profile. The decreased side effects can include such conditions as fatty liver, increased liver weight, body weight gain, heart weight gain, edema, cardiac hypertrophy, hepatohypertrophy, hypoglycemia, and hepatotoxicity, or any combination thereof.

The above examples can also show that the oral administration of an SGLTinhibitor in combination with an antidiabetic agent such as an RXR modulator improve the status of other markers of diabetes mellitus including glycosylated hemoglobin (Hgb A1C) levels. Particularly, the oral administration of an SGLT inhibitor in combination with one or more antidiabetic agents can reduce body weight or body weight gain as well as liver weight or liver weight gain, compared to administration of one or more antidiabetic agents alone.

Thus, for treating diabetes, particularly Type II diabetes mellitus, or Syndrome X, a compound of Formula (I) in combination with one or more antidiabetic agents that increases insulin sensitivity, may be employed comprising administering repeated oral doses of the compound of formula I in the range of about 25 to 1000 mg once or twice daily and repeated doses of the anti-diabetic agent or agents at jointly effective dosages. The jointly effective dosage for antidiabetic agents such as RXR agonists disclosed herein may be readily determined by those skilled in the art based on standard dosage guidelines. In particular, such combined administration can be effective to accomplish reduction of body weight, body weight gain, liver weight, or liver weight gain in the subject.

Additionally, a method comprising (a) administering to a subject a jointly effective amount of a glucose reabsorption inhibitor; and (b) administering to the subject a jointly effective amount of an antidiabetic agent can be used to reduce body weight, body weight gain, or liver weight of the subject in need thereof, wherein the combined administration can be in any order and the combined jointly effective amounts provide the desired therapeutic effect.

Also, a method comprising (a) administering to a subject a jointly effective amount of a glucose reabsorption inhibitor; and (b) administering to the subject a jointly effective amount of an antidiabetic agent can be used to control body weight, body weight gain, liver weight, or liver weight gain of the subject having diabetes, Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications, wherein the combined administration can be in any order and the combined jointly effective amounts providing the desired therapeutic effect.

Optimal dosages to be administered may be readily determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular compound used, the mode of administration, the strength of the preparation and the advancement of the disease condition. In addition, factors associated with the particular patient being treated, including patient's sex, age, weight, diet, time of administration and concomitant diseases, will result in the need to adjust dosages.

While the foregoing specification teaches the principles of the present invention, with examples provided for the purpose of illustration, it will be understood that the practice of the invention encompasses all of the usual variations, adaptations and/or modifications as come within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents. TABLE 3 CHOK-SGLT1 CHOK-SGLT2 Example # IC50 (uM) IC50 (uM) 1 0.148 0.020 3 0.195 0.062 4 0.823 0.098 5 3.38 0.146 6 1.06 0.149 7 0.56 0.142 10 2.73 0.376 8 1.34 0.183 9 46% Inh. @ 10 μM 50% Inh. @ 1 μM  22 1.12 0.118 23 69% Inh. @ 10 μM 1.22  24 79% Inh. @ 10 μM 0.202 27 1.31 0.026 25 49% Inh. @ 10 μM 0.100 15 3.88 0.053 16 42% Inh. @ 3 μM 0.067 11 1.81 0.024 12 0 0.66  13 0 0.65  14 71% Inh. @ 10 μM 0.206 32 30% Inh. @ 10 μM 0.117 31 0 5.11  17 3.2 0.049 18 49% Inh. @ 10 μM 0.088 19 63% Inh. @ 10 μM 0.101 20 35% Inh. @ 10 μM 0.114 35 1.12 0.133 26 0 0.42  28 58% Inh. @ 10 μM 0.346 34 27% Inh. @ 10 μM 5.04  29 68% Inh. @ 10 μM 0.26  30 30% Inh. @ 10 μM 1.87  33 0 37% Inh. @ 10 μM 2 1.36 0.158 21 43% Inh. @ 10 μM 1.43  36 16% Inh. @ 10 μM 52% Inh. @ 10 μM 37 1.89 0.034 38  7% Inh. @ 10 μM 22% Inh. @ 10 μM 

1. A compound of formula (I)

wherein R₁ is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or R₄R₅N—(CO)—; each of R₄ and R₅ is independently C₁₋₅ alkyl; R₂ is H, F, Cl or C₁₋₄ alkyl; R₃ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl, provided that where R₃ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, then R₂ is H; Q is —C═O—, or —(CH₂)_(n)— where n=0, 1, or 2; P═H, C₁₋₇ acyl, or (C₁₋₆ alkoxy)carbonyl; Z is substituted or unsubstituted, and is selected from C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl having 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, a biaryl, a 9- or 10-membered fused bicyclyl or fused heterobicyclyl, wherein said fused heterobicyclyl has between 1 and 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof.
 2. A compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is H.
 3. A compound of claim 1, wherein R₂ is H, methyl, or ethyl.
 4. A compound of claim 1, wherein Q is —(CH₂)_(n)— and n is 1 or
 2. 5. A compound of claim 1, wherein Z is unsubstituted or independently substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkoxy, phenoxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, cyano, amino, C₁₋₄ alkylthio, C₁₋₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₁₋₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₄ aminoalkyl, mono and di (C₁₋₄ alkyl)amino, phenyl, C₁₋₄ alkylaminosulfonyl (SO₂NHR), amino (C₁₋₄ alkylsulfonyl) (NHSO₂R), di C₁₋₄ alkylaminosulfinyl (SONHRR), C₁₋₄ alkylamido (NHCOR), C₁₋₄ alkylcarbamido (CONHR), and 5-6 membered heterocyclyl containing between 1 and 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O; and wherein the substituent(s) on Z can be further independently substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl, halo, hydroxy, cyano, amino, mono- or di C₁₋₄ alkylamino and C₁₋₄ alkylthio.
 6. A compound of claim 1, wherein Z is selected from 4-substituted phenyl, 3,4-disubstituted phenyl, benzhydryl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, biaryl, benzofuranyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, 4-substituted pyridyl, benzo[b]thienyl, chromanyl, benzothiophenyl, indanyl, and naphthyl.
 7. A compound of claim 5, wherein Z is unsubstituted or substituted with between 1 and 2 substituents independently selected from methoxy, ethoxy, fluoro, chloro, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and isopropyl.
 8. A compound of claim 1, wherein Z is biphenyl, 4-(3-pyridyl)phenyl, 4-(2-thienyl)phenyl, 4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl, 2-(5-phenyl)thiophenyl, (4-ethyl)phenyl, (4-propyl)phenyl, (4-methoxy)phenyl, dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl, or dihydrobenzofuran-6-yl.
 9. A compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is H; and R₂ is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl.
 10. A compound of claim 1 wherein Q is —(CH₂)_(n)—; n is 1 or 2; and R₂ is H, methyl or ethyl.
 11. A compound of claim 1, wherein P is H, C₁₋₃ acyl, or (C₁₋₃ alkoxy)carbonyl.
 12. A compound of claim 2, wherein R₁ is H; R₂ is H, methyl, or ethyl; Q is —(CH₂)_(n)— and n is 1 or 2; and Z is 4-substituted phenyl, 3,4-disubstituted phenyl, benzhydryl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, biaryl, benzofuranyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, 4-substituted pyridyl, benzo[b]thienyl, chromanyl, benzothiophenyl, indanyl, and naphthyl.
 13. A compound of claim 1 wherein R₁ is H; R₂ is H, methyl, or ethyl; wherein Z is 4-substituted phenyl, 3,4-disubstituted phenyl, benzhydryl, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, biaryl, benzofuranyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, 4-substituted pyridyl, benzo[b]thienyl, chromanyl, benzothiophenyl, indanyl, and naphthyl; and Z is unsubstituted or substituted with between 1 and 2 substituents independently selected from methoxy, ethoxy, fluoro, chloro, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and isopropyl.
 14. A compound of claim 1, selected from 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-{3-[2-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-methoxycarbonyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-ethoxycarbonyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-hexanoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Methyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-(3-Biphenyl-4-ylmethyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Methylsulfanyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-6-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Thiophen-3-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; and 2-[3-(4-Pyridin-3-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside.
 15. A compound of claim 1, selected from 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-6-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(2-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(2-Naphthalen-2-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-{3-[2-(4-Ethoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-{3-[2-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-6-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(3-Fluoro-4-methyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Propyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Isopropyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(2-Fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Methoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Phenoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Chloro-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-(3-Naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-β-D-glucopyranoside and 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside.
 16. A compound of claim 1, selected from 2-{3-[2-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[1-Diethylcarbamoyl-3-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Methoxy-benzyl)-1-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1-isopropyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-Methyl-2-thienyl(-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside and 2-[3-(4-Ethylbenzoyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside and 2-[3-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside.
 17. A compound from claim 1, selected from 2-[3-(4-Cyclopropyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Pyrazol-1-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[6-Chloro-3-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-6-fluoro-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(5-Ethyl-thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(5-Propyl-thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; and 2-[3-(5-Phenyl-thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside.
 18. A compound from claim 1, selected from: 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-O-D-glucopyranoside; 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(3-Fluoro-4-methyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Methylsulfanyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-6-methyl-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Methyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-methoxycarbonyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-ethoxycarbonyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Propyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-(3-(4-Thiophen-3-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Cyclopropyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Pyrazol-1-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2-[6-Chloro-3-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-6-fluoro-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(5-Ethyl-thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside and 2-[3-(5-Phenyl-thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside.
 19. A compound in claim 1, selected from 2-{3-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2-[3-(4-Ethyl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-6-O-ethoxycarbonyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; and 2-(3-(4-Thiophen-3-yl-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-β-D-glucopyranoside.
 20. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a compound of claim 1, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or
 19. 21. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a compound selected from claim 18 or
 19. 22. A method for treating diabetes in a mammal, said method comprising administering to a mammal in need of treatment an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 18 or
 19. 23. A method of claim 22, wherein said diabetes is type II diabetes.
 24. A method for lowering serum glucose in a mammal, said method comprising administering to a mammal in need of treatment an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 18 or
 19. 25. A method for treating impaired glucose tolerance in a mammal, said method comprising administering to a mammal in need of treatment an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 18 or
 19. 26. A method for treating or inhibiting impaired glucose tolerance in a mammal, said method comprising administering to a mammal in need of treatment an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 18 or
 19. 27. A method for reducing the body mass index, body weight, or percentage body fat in a mammal, said method comprising administering to a mammal in need of treatment an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 18 or
 19. 28. A method of claim 27, wherein said reduction of body mass index is a method for treating obesity or an overweight condition.
 29. A method for treating diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications thereof in a subject, comprising (a) administering to said subject a jointly effective amount of a compound of formula (I); and (b) administering to said subject a jointly effective amount of an antidiabetic agent, said co-administration being in any order and the combined jointly effective amounts providing the desired therapeutic effect.
 30. A method for treating diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications thereof in a subject, comprising (a) administering to said subject a jointly effective amount of a compound of formula (I); and (b) administering to said subject a jointly effective amount of a second antidiabetic agent, said co-administration being in any order and the combined jointly effective amounts providing the desired therapeutic effect.
 31. The method of claim 29 or 30, wherein the diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications thereof is selected from IDDM, NIDDM, IGT, IFG, obesity, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, atherosclerosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypertension, ischemia, stroke, heart disease, irritable bowel disorder, inflammation, and cataracts.
 32. The method of claim 29 or 30 wherein the diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complication thereof is IDDM.
 33. The method of claim 29 or 30, wherein the diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications thereof is NIDDM.
 34. The method of claim 29 or 30, wherein the diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications thereof is IGT or IFG.
 35. The method of claim 29 or 30, further comprising administering to said subject a jointly effective amount of a third antidiabetic agent.
 36. The method of claim 34, wherein the third antidiabetic agent is selected from (aa) insulins, (bb) insulin analogues; (cc) insulin secretion modulators, and (dd) insulin secretagogues.
 37. The method of claim 29 or 30, wherein the compound of formula (I) is an SGLT inhibitor.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the compound of formula (I) is an SGLT1 inhibitor.
 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the compound of formula (I) is an SGLT2 inhibitor.
 40. The method of claim 37, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (I) or an optical isomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, racemate or racemic mixture thereof, ester, prodrug form, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 41. The method of claim 29 or 30, wherein the jointly effective amount of an SGLT inhibitor is from about 10 to 1000 mg.
 42. The method of claim 29 or 30, wherein the jointly effective amount of an SGLT inhibitor is an amount sufficient to reduce the plasma glucose excursion following a meal.
 43. A method for inhibiting the onset of diabetes or Syndrome X, or associated symptoms or complications thereof in a subject, said method comprising (a) administering to said subject a jointly effective amount of compound of formula (I); and (b) administering to said subject a jointly effective amount of a second antidiabetic agent, said co-administration being in any order and the combined jointly effective amounts providing the desired prophylactic effect.
 44. The method of claim 43, wherein said onset is from pre-diabetic state to NIDDM.
 45. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (1), a second antidiabetic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 46. A process for formulating a pharmaceutical composition, comprising formulating together a compound of formula (1), a second anti-diabetic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 47. A process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising mixing one or more compound of formula (I) in combination with a second antidiabetic agent for the preparation of a medicament for treating a condition selected from IDDM, NIDDM, IGT, IFG, obesity, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, atherosclerosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypertension, ischemia, stroke, heart disease, irritable bowel disorder, inflammation, and cataracts.
 48. A method for inhibiting the progression of a prediabetic condition in a subject to a diabetic condition, comprising (a) administering to said subject a jointly effective amount of compound of formula (I); and (b) administering to said subject a jointly effective amount of an antidiabetic agent, said co-administration being in any order and the combined jointly effective amounts providing the desired inhibiting effect.
 49. The method of claim 48 wherein said condition is IGT or IFG.
 50. The method of claim 48 wherein said inhibiting of the progression of a prediabetic condition is prevention of the progression of the prediabetic condition to a diabetic condition.
 51. The method of claim 48, wherein the compound of formula (I) is an SGLT inhibitor.
 52. The method of claim 48, wherein the compound of formula (I) optionally has one or more hydroxyl or diol protecting groups, or is an optical isomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, racemate or racemic mixture, ester, prodrug form, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 